By Ali Mazrui 阿里馬茲魯伊
Prof. Ali Mazrui 阿里馬茲魯伊教授 
Barack Obama, the US Democratic presidential aspirant, has philosophised about a new post-racial America.奧巴馬，美國民主黨總統野心，已philosophised一個新的後種族合眾國。 In his campaign, he has emphasised not merely Martin Luther King’s dream of racial equality, but a more advanced dream of post-raciality.在他的競選，他強調不只是馬丁路德金的夢想種族平等，但更先進的夢想後raciality 。
If Obama were elected the first Black President of the United States, that would of course not be the end of race-consciousness in America, let alone the end of racism.如果奧巴馬當選的第一位黑人美國總統，這當然不會是結束種族意識在美國，更不用說結束的種族主義。 But it would be a major step towards a future post-racial America.但是，這將是一個重大步驟後的未來種族合眾國。
Africa gave birth to the human race; Europe cultivated racism millennia later. What has now arisen is whether America will be the final resting place of racism and race-consciousness. 非洲誕生了人類;歐洲種族主義千年栽培後。什麼現在已經出現的是美國是否將成為最後的安息之地的種族主義和種族意識。 If Africa was the garden of Eden that gave birth to the human race, will America be the garden of Eden that inaugurates a world beyond racism?如果非洲的伊甸園，使出生的人的種族，將美國的伊甸園是開創一個世界超越種族主義？
In tracing the transition from that first African Eden cradling homo sapiens to the last American Eden cradling the post-racial age, let us briefly stop at the well-trodden path of Francis Fukuyama’s thesis about the end of history.在追查的過渡從第一屆非洲伊甸園搖籃智人的最後一位美國伊甸園搖籃後種族時代，讓我們簡單地停留在良好的走過道路的福山的論斷對歷史的終結。
Fukuyama saw the end of history in ideological terms.福山看到了歷史的終結思想條件。 He characterised liberal capitalism as the climax of the ideological biography of homo sapiens.他的特點自由資本主義的高潮的思想傳記智人。 He regarded political culture as being at its most triumphant when in pursuit of life, liberty and profit.他認為，政治文化作為其最得意時，在追求生命，自由和利潤。
Our thesis here is a different kind of ‘end of history.’ We are seeking to trace, not the end of ideological history, but the end of racial history; not soon but hopefully before the end of this 21st century.我們的論文在這裡是一個不同類型的'歷史的終結。 '我們正在設法追踪，而不是結束意識形態的歷史，但最終的種族歧視的歷史;不會很快，但希望在本月底之前21世紀。 Perhaps this is what Senator Barack Obama had in mind when he started dreaming about a post-racial America.也許這就是參議員奧巴馬的想法時，他開始夢想著一個後種族合眾國。
Ethnicity in its ‘tribal forms’ started where the human species originated: that is, in Africa. Indeed, Africa invented the human family and therefore the human clan as a unit of biological kinship. 在其種族，部落的形式，開始在人類起源，即：在非洲。事實上，非洲的發明對人類家庭，因此，人類氏族作為一個單位的生物親緣關係。 But if Africa was the cradle of the human race, the human family and the human clan, Europe eventually perfected colour-prejudice and elaborate racial discrimination.但是，如果非洲的搖籃，對人類，人類的家庭和宗族的人，歐洲最終完善膚色的偏見和種族歧視闡述。
Is the United States, under the egalitarian leadership of Americans of colour?是美國，根據平等領導的美國人的顏色？ Is the United States destined to become the final resting place of ethno-racial stratifications?是美國注定要成為最後的安息之地的民族種族層？
Francis Fukuyama is almost definitely wrong about the end of ideological history worldwide.福山幾乎是絕對錯誤的終結思想的歷史全世界。 But is there better evidence for the proposition that the end of racial history is on the horizon – and its final culmination will occur in the United States of America, led by the struggle of African-Americans?但有更好的證據，主張結束種族歧視的歷史的地平線上-其最後的結果將出現在美利堅合眾國的，由鬥爭的非裔美國人？
The United States is still one of the most racist societies in the world. 美國仍是一個最種族主義的社會世界。 Four policemen can shoot an innocent black man 41 times in front of his own house and be acquitted of all charges. 四名警察可以拍攝一個無辜的黑人男子41次在自己的房子和被宣告無罪。
It is inconceivable that if the policemen had shot a white man 41 times they would have gotten off scot-free.令人不可思議的是，如果警察槍殺白人41倍，他們本來起步逍遙法外。 Subsequently in 2007, a black man was shot 50 times on his wedding day by three New York policemen.隨後在2007年，黑人男子被槍殺的50倍他結婚的日子由三個紐約警察。 The victim was unarmed.受害者是手無寸鐵的。 The policemen have also been acquitted of all charges.警察也被宣告無罪。
But although the United States is still so steeped in racism, most indications seem to single out this country as the most promising theatre for a racial and ethnic compromise before the end of the 21st century.但是，儘管美國仍是如此沉浸在種族主義，大多數跡象似乎挑出這個國家最有前途的戲劇的種族和民族的妥協結束前21世紀。 This is so provided that all Americans join hands and are converted to the dream of a post-racial age.這是規定，所有美國人都攜起手來，轉換成的夢想後種族時代。
We might call this entire odyssey from the birth of the clan in Africa to the end of racial history in the United States ‘A Tale of Two Edens’-the African Eden of human genesis, on one side, and the American Eden of human egalitarian dispersal, on the other.我們可能會要求整個行程從誕生的非洲部族結束種族歧視的歷史在美國的故事兩個Edens' ，非洲伊甸園的人類起源，一方面，美國伊甸園的人類平等分散的問題。
Historical times 歷史時代
There is a sense in which all Americans, of any race, are part of the African Diaspora — since their ancestors all originated in Africa.有這樣一種感覺中，所有的美國人，對任何種族，是非洲散居-因為他們的祖先都起源於非洲。 But there is the other sense of ‘African Diaspora’ when the Diaspora refers to people of colour whose ancestors came from the African continent in more clearly defined historical times.但有其他的'非洲人散居'時，散居指人的顏色，其祖先來自非洲大陸在更加明確地界定歷史時期。
The generic African Diaspora is the one which makes Bill Clinton an ‘African President’ of the United States.通用非洲人散居是一個使克林頓的'南非總統'美國。 The specific African Diaspora is the one which makes Martin Kilson, Toni Morrison, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., African-Americans.具體的非洲人散居就是這使得馬丁Kilson ，托妮莫里森，和亨利路易斯蓋茨，小非裔美國人。
Africa is where the human species began. A persistent question in world history is whether the United States will become the final post-racial Garden of Eden before the end of the 21st century. 非洲是人類開始了。持續的問題在世界歷史上是美國是否將成為最後的後種族伊甸園結束前21世紀。 Will it evolve into the nearest approximation of a genuine post-ethnic role model for the world?它會不會演變成最接近的逼近一個真正的後種族角色模型的世界嗎？ It will need African-Americans to achieve such a moral stature.它將需要非洲裔美國人實現這種道義上的地位。
The Christian doctrine has had two Adams: the Adam who fathered the human species and the Adam who finally saved the human species. 基督教教義有兩個亞當斯：誰的父親亞當的人類物種和亞當誰最終拯救了人類物種。 In the words of the 15th chapter of the First Corinthians: “ Thus it is written: There was made the first man, Adam, living soul, the last Adam life-giving Spirit. ”在的話，第15章第一科林蒂安： “ 因此，它是寫著：有取得的第一人，亞當，活的靈魂，最後亞當賦予生命的精神 。 ”
In our more secular imagery, the first Adam was Africa-the cradle of human kind.我們更世俗的圖像，首先亞當是非洲的搖籃，人類的。 Will the last Adam be the United States, a potential secular savior of the human race?將過去亞當是美國，一個潛在的世俗救世主的人類？ We need to see the Edenisation of the United States as the beginning of post-raciality.我們需要看到Edenisation美國作為開始後raciality 。
At the moment the United States is far from being a collective secular savior of the human race! 目前，美國還遠遠沒有一個集體的世俗救世主的人類！
On the contrary, there are times when the United States displays the symptoms of evolving into a collective anti-Christ.與此相反，有時美國顯示症狀的演變成一個集體反基督。 Is that what Barack Obama’s pastor, Jeremiah Wright, meant when he said “God damn America”?是，奧巴馬的牧師，耶利米賴特，這意味著，他說“上帝譴責美國” ？
But, in reality, the twenty-first century brings the United States to the critical crossroads.但是，在現實中，在二十一世紀帶來了美國對關鍵的十字路口。 Will this country evolve into a collective savior (the second Adam) or a collective anti-Christ?這個國家將演變成一個集體的救星（第二亞當）或集體反基督？ Will the United States realize its potential of becoming humankind’s post-racial Garden of Eden, completing the odyssey from Africa as the first Garden of Eden?美國會實現其潛力成為人類的後種族的伊甸園，完成了從非洲之旅的第一個伊甸園？ Or will this country waste that opportunity through bigotry, prejudice, and conflict?或將這個國家浪費這個機會通過偏執，偏見和衝突？
Our children and grandchildren as homo sapiens are burdened by the gravity of that responsibility, by the weight of that momentous choice.我們的子女和孫輩的智人所承受的重力的責任，由重量這一重大選擇。
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