Listening to Chinese and African leaders pronounce so passionately about Sino-African relations, one gets the impression that the citizens of China and Africa now walk hand in hand in that kind of love, peace and harmony which is preached only by the Holy Bible.听中国和非洲领导人宣布如此热情地约谈到中非关系时，一个得到的印象是，公民的中国和非洲现在携手同行在这种爱，和平与和谐是鼓吹只有圣经。 Advocates of this alliance have blown it out of proportion, further creating the false notion that China has agreed to inherit all of Africa’s troubles, including the perennial problem of migration.主张这一联盟已经吹出来的比例，进一步创造了虚假的概念，中国已同意继承所有非洲国家的麻烦，包括长期存在的移民。 This single problem without doubt, is the most visible manifestation of frustration among Africa’s youths.这种单一的问题，毫无疑问，是最明显的表现不满非洲的年轻人。 The Beijing Olympic Games provided an opportunity for a proper reassessment of China’s attitude towards African migrants.北京奥运会提供了一个机会，一个适当的重新评估中国的态度对待非洲移民。
China won the bid to host the Olympic Games in July 2001.中国赢得了申办奥运会于2001年7月。 Since then, Beijing and other co-host cities have been beehives.自那时以来，北京和其他共同主办城市已经蜂箱。 China’s entire economic, political/diplomatic and security machinery were activated to ensure a blemish-free Olympics.中国的整个经济，政治/外交和安全机制被激活，以确保污点免费奥运会。 The construction of giant stadiums, roads, railways, new airport terminals and hotels all attest to the importance China attached to the XX1X Olympiad, the first event of such magnitude in the history of modern China.建造巨型体育场馆，公路，铁路，新机场候机楼和酒店都证明了中国的重要性重视XX1X奥运会，第一次举办如此规模的历史中的现代中国。
Besides such visible projects, the invisible but potentially devastating problem of security remained a major worry for Beijing.除了这种明显的项目，无形的，但潜在的破坏性的安全问题仍然是一个主要担心的北京。 Directly linked to this was the omnipresent population crisis especially as China despite its demographic burden had to make space for an estimated 1.5 million more people from around the world.直接联系，这是无所不在的人口危机特别是中国，尽管其人口负担，使空间的估计有150多万人从世界各地。 On the eve of the Games, China’s capital, Beijing, held about 250,000 foreign nationals.在即将迎来奥运会，中国的首都北京，举行了约25.0万外国侨民。 To ensure the smoothness of the Games therefore, and to protect life and property during this trying period, Beijing invested considerable energy on security.为了确保平滑的比赛因此，保护生命和财产试图在此期间，北京投入了大量的能源安全。
The mass mobilization of security personnel and equipment in the months preceding the Games came along with a volley of laws.在动员群众的安全人员和设备在几个月前奥运会一起来到球的法律。 These laws touched on an old problem-migration which logically is a by product of China’s economic boom in recent years.这些法律涉及一个老问题，移民是一个合乎逻辑的产物，中国的经济繁荣在最近几年。 China’s rise to economic prominence has made it a center of attraction for migrants from all over the world.中国的崛起对经济作出了突出一个中心，吸引移民来自世界各地的。 Africans increasingly count among this rising number of foreign migrants.越来越多的非洲人之间的这一指望越来越多的外国移民。 This population pressure from outside has added to an even bigger problem of internal migration from China’s country sides to its bulging cities.这种人口压力之外增加了一个更大的问题，从内部人口迁移中国国家双方的胀城市。 This population crisis was therefore the basis of the series of immigration laws which Beijing dished out in rapid succession in the months preceding the Olympic Games.这种人口危机，因此根据一系列的移民法，其中北京抛出在继承中快速前的几个月奥运会。
In a previous article titled “ The long road to the east: African immigrants in China., ” I observed that African migrants greatly differ in their opinions about China.在先前的一篇题为“ 在很长的路以东：非洲移民在中国。 ”我注意到，非洲移民大大不同的看法中国。 Theses opinions depend largely on the opportunities exposed to them.论文的意见在很大程度上取决于机会接触到他们。 By extension of this logic, such opportunities would depend on whether these migrants find themselves in what I called “Afro-friendly” or “ Afro-phobic ” provinces, cities or towns.通过推广这一逻辑，这样的机会将取决于是否这些移民发现自己就是我所谓的“黑人友好”或“ 黑人恐惧 ”省，市或城镇。 However, much has changed since then.但是，已经发生了许多变化自那时起。 Whether In “Afro-friendly” or “Afro-phobic” places, the message is clear.无论是在“非洲友好”或“黑人恐惧”的地方，该信息是明确的。 The possibilities and chances for African migrants in China are becoming slimmer and slimmer.的可能性和机会，非洲移民在中国正变得更薄更薄。 The remaining possibilities are; sinking underground in the face of police checks (for those without papers), proving their worth and loyalty so that they can be covered by their employers (for those in regular employment), switching to other visa categories (which are easy to renew) or return home voluntarily or otherwise.其余的可能性;沉没地下，面对警察检查（对于那些无证件） ，证明自己的价值和忠诚度，使他们能够支付其雇主（对那些在正规就业） ，切换到其它签证类别（这是很容易再次）或自愿返回家园或以其他方式。
The African continent has been part of China’s Olympic story in many ways.非洲大陆一直是中国的奥运故事在许多方面。 Cordial diplomatic relations and firm economic ties were the twin forces shaping Sino-African relations when Beijing won the bid to host the Games in 2001.亲切的外交关系和坚实的经济关系是两种力量塑造谈到中非关系时，北京获得申办2001年奥运会。 This relationship grew stronger over the years, attracting the scorn of the West.这种关系却越来越强，多年来，吸引了蔑视西方。 In very bitter terms, the West criticized China on grounds of undermining democracy and human rights by supporting rogue and Pariah states in the continent.在非常痛苦的条件，西方国家指责中国的理由是破坏民主和人权的支持和贱民无赖国家的大陆。 Western human rights activists and pro-democracy lobbyists used the cases of Sudan and Zimbabwe to brand the Beijing Games as “genocide Olympics.” The call for the boycott of the Games was very strong in the west.西方人权活动家和民主派说客使用的案件苏丹和津巴布韦品牌的北京奥运会是“种族灭绝的奥运会。 ”呼吁抵制奥运会是非常强大的西部地区。 But as the world came to realize, “high politics” triumphed.但是，随着世界认识到， “高政治”取得了胜利。 The opening ceremony saw the conspicuous presence of Presidents George Bush and Nicolas Sarkozy, two western leaders whose nations had stood at the fore of the boycott controversy.在开幕式上看到了存在的突出总统乔治布什和尼古拉萨尔科齐，两个西方国家领导人的国家都站在前面的抵制争议。 President Bush’s excuse was that he did not want “to politicize” the Olympics.布什总统的借口是，他不想“政治化”的奥运会。
While the West took China head on in ferocious debates about democracy, human rights and other abuses in Africa, Africa stood firmly by China’s side.虽然西方国家在中国的负责人在凶猛的辩论，民主，人权和其他虐待行为在非洲，非洲坚定地站在了中国一边。 In a true spirit of solidarity, not one African country raised a finger about China’s hosting of the Games.在一个真正的团结精神，没有一个非洲国家提出了一个手指对中国主办奥运会。 Since 2000, African leaders made several visits to Beijing while Chinese leaders also returned these visits to rekindle the flames of this cooperation.自2000年以来，非洲国家领导人多次访问北京，而中国领导人也访问返回重新燃起的火焰，这方面的合作。 In the several accidents and disasters that struck China in the months preceding the Games, Africa showed sympathy to China in kind and cash.在接连发生的几次事故和灾害袭击中国在几个月前的奥运会，非洲发现的同情中国的实物和现金。 In the Sichuan earthquake of May 12 for example, the poor African Island of Mauritius provided China with an aid package worth $300,000 while Morocco responded with $1 million.四川地震5月12日为例，贫穷的非洲毛里求斯岛与中国提供一揽子援助，价值三十点〇万美元而摩洛哥回应100万美元。 Except for a few isolated cases of anti-Chinese protests in Africa, the continent continues to welcome waves of Chinese migrants who comb through every available economic opportunity in the continent from agriculture through mining to trade.除少数个别情况的反中国抗议活动在非洲大陆继续欢迎一波又一波的中国移民谁梳通过一切可以利用的经济机会在大陆通过挖掘农业贸易。 African migrants face a completely different reality in China.非洲移民面临一个完全不同的现实中国。
In all fairness, China’s Olympic laws did not discriminate against any race, color or nationality.平心而论，中国的奥林匹克法律并没有歧视任何种族，肤色或国籍。 The laws were justified on grounds of security especially given that crime rates are already on the rise in China’s major towns and cities.法律是有正当理由的理由的安全尤其是考虑到犯罪率已经在增加中国的主要城镇和城市。 According to security records, foreigners have been implicated in many of these crimes especially those including fake documentation, theft, financial fraud, drugs and even extreme crimes such as murder.据安全记录，外国人已在很多牵涉这些罪行尤其是那些包括伪造文件，盗窃，金融诈骗，毒品，甚至极端的犯罪，如谋杀。 These Olympic laws also sought to ensure stricter vigilance on foreigners at a time when western criticisms forced China to raise its security antennae.这些奥运法律还要求，以确保更严格的警惕外国人时，批评西方强迫中国提高其安全性天线。 The spiral of protests that greeted the Olympic touch relay in western capitals, western sympathy for the Tibetan course and China’s fear of outside conspiracy in insurgent activities, especially in the restless Xingjian province, all inspired these laws.螺旋的抗议，迎接奥运接力触摸首都西部，西部的同情西藏课程和中国的担心在境外武装分子的阴谋活动，特别是在不安高行健省，所有这些法律的启发。
What made Beijing’s immigration laws different from previous immigration laws was the panic and shock wave it generated among the foreign migrant population in China, especially Africans.是什么让北京的移民法，不同于以前的移民法是恐慌和冲击波产生的外国移民人口的中国，特别是非洲人。 Hitherto, such laws (which were either imagined or real) were as many as the sands in the sea.到目前为止，这样的法律（这不是想像的或真实）多达的沙子在海上。 It was more of street talk than laws.这是更多的街头谈论比法律。 Each day had its law, each city, each province and indeed each situation had its law as far as immigration was concerned.每一天有其法，每个城市，每个省乃至每个局势有其法律尽可能移民有关。 This is what这是 Chinatravel.net Chinatravel.net , an official source for immigration news meant when it said “ Ask 100 people a question and get 100 different answers, or ask 100 people a question and get the same answer. ”一名官员对移民来源的新闻时，意思说： “ 卖出100人的问题，并获得100个不同的答案，或要求100人的问题，并得到相同的回答。 ”
To better grasp the essentials of this piece, a brief discussion about visa categorization in China is instructive.为了更好地把握要点这片，进行简短的讨论有关签证分类在中国是有启发性。 There are basically four categories of visas for foreigners living in China.基本上有四类签证的外国人居住在中国。 Tourists are expected to apply for an L visa.游客预计申请的L签证。 Students are issued an X visa.学生们发出的X签证。 The F visa is for business people while workers need a Z visa.的F签证的商界人士，同时需要一个工人Z签证。 Of the four, the “F” used to be called the “golden card Visa” because of its numerous advantages.其中， “ F ”类被称为“金维萨信用卡” ，因为它的许多优点。 It was easy to get, good for up to a year and easy to extend.这是容易获得，良好的长达一年，并易于扩展。 In April 2008, the validity of this visa was reduced to between 5-30 days.在2008年4月的有效性，这种签证减少到5-30天之间。 It was automatically replaced in this importance by the Z visa which now remains a treasure among foreign migrants.这是自动替换在这重要的Z签证现在仍然是一个宝藏的外国移民。
The task of issuing a Z visa is the responsibility of two important administrative bodies- The Foreign Experts Bureau (FEB) and the Public Security Bureau (PSB).的任务发放Z签证的责任是两个重要的行政机构，外国专家局（ 2月）和公安局（公安局） 。 The FEB assesses the academic, professional and health credentials of the applicant and issues a Foreign Expert’s Certificate which is a precondition for obtaining a Z visa from the PSB. 2月评估学术，专业和卫生证书的申请人和问题，一位外国专家证书这是一个先决条件，取得Z签证的公安局。 As a rule, once approved by the FEB the applicant is qualified for a Z visa or work permit.作为一项规则，一旦批准， 2月申请人是合格的Z签证或工作许可。 But in recent months, especially after the Beijing immigration laws there are mounting cases of applicants successfully passing through the FEB scrutiny only to be denied visas by the PSB for reasons that never go beyond “a new law.” This is where African migrants because of ingrained prejudice suffer most.但近几个月来，尤其是在北京的移民法有越来越多例成功申请通过审查仅2月被拒绝签证公安局的原因，从来没有超越“一项新的法律。 ”这是非洲移民，因为根深蒂固的偏见受害最深。 During visa-festive periods Africans have to criss-cross Chinese towns and cities to identify places where laws are lax.在签证节日期间非洲人有十字形中国城镇和城市确定的地方法律的松懈。 The unfortunate ones (these being the majority), end up with expired visas, opening another painful chapter in their sojourn in China.不幸的（这是多数） ，结束了过期的签证，开放另一个痛苦的一章在其逗留在中国。
Facing the new ordeal 面对新的考验
Although on the surface, China’s Olympic laws did not target any country or race, it is not difficult to identify elements of anti-African bias in them especially at the level of implementation.虽然从表面上看，中国的奥林匹克法律没有针对任何国家或种族，它不是很难确定要素的反非洲偏见，尤其是在他们的执行水平。
There is a vast difference between the making of laws and the implementation of these laws in China.有一个巨大的差异作出的法律和这些法律的执行情况在中国。 In many cases, the high level of inconsistency and ambiguity exposes these laws to several interpretations, reinterpretations and sometimes conscious or inadvertent misinterpretations.在许多情况下，高水平的矛盾和含糊之处暴露这些法律的若干解释， reinterpretations ，有时自觉或无意的误解。 In many “Afro-phobic” towns, cities and provinces, these laws are interpreted and implemented by the boss in his/her office and not by any official text.在许多“黑人恐惧”的城镇，城市和省份，这些法律解释和执行的老板在他/她的办公室，而不是由任何官方文字。 This explains why obtaining work visas before, during and after the Olympics was a function of many things.这就解释了为什么获得工作签证之前，期间和之后的奥运会是一个功能的许多事情。 The most important of them being the bargaining power of the applicant or his employer.其中最重要的是议价能力的申请人或其雇主。 There are few cases of luck and of course there are Chinese employers who will defend their African workers to any extent.有少数情况下运气，当然还有中国雇主谁将捍卫他们的非洲工人的任何程度。 This again is the exception not the rule.这又是例外而不是规则。
It is interesting or surprising to find that many schools still carry job adverts prohibiting Africans from applying.有趣的是，或惊讶地发现，许多学校仍然执行工作的广告，禁止非洲人申请。 The more cautious require applicants to send a recent picture.更谨慎的要求申请者发出一个最近的图片。 This is the short way of filtering black from white, or Filipino from westerner.这是短期的过滤方式从白人黑人，或菲律宾从西方人。 In cases where the desired color or nationality is not forthcoming, Africans are reluctantly employed.如果想要的颜色或国籍是没有到位，非洲人不情愿地就业。 Here, they face challenges that range from “ accent ” to questions that run back to the poverty and misery in Africa.在这里，他们所面临的挑战，从“ 口音 ”的问题，运行回到贫穷和苦难在非洲。 The question of wage discrimination between Africans and whites is an open secret.问题之间的工资歧视非洲人和白人是一个公开的秘密。 Only very few Africans can count among those who have successfully paved their way through all the established barriers to reach the height of self esteem.只有极少数的非洲人可以指望那些谁已成功铺平他们通过所有障碍，建立达到的高度自尊。
In the every day vocabulary of “ new laws, ” China in April 2008 published a list of countries whose nationals were no longer eligible to apply for visas from Hong Kong and Macau. The African countries involved were; Tunisia, Algeria, Congo, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Libya, South Africa, Morocco, Nigeria, Sudan and Sierra Leone.在每天的词汇的“ 新的法律， ”中国在2008年4月发表了一份名单上的国家，其国民不再有资格申请签证从香港和澳门。 非洲国家参与了;突尼斯，阿尔及利亚，刚果，埃及，冈比亚，加纳，几内亚，马里，利比亚，南非，摩洛哥，尼日利亚，苏丹和塞拉利昂。 These laws also introduced some drastic changes.这些法律还介绍了一些重大变化。 F visas issued in China could no longer be renewed in China. F签证在中国再也不能重新在中国。 Given the large number of Africans involved in trade with China, the difficulties created for the African business community were enormous.鉴于大量的非洲人参与与中国的贸易，造成的困难，非洲的商业社会是巨大的。
The law also made it impossible to switch visa types from L to F and it suspended the issuing of multiple entry visas.该法还不可能开关签证类型由L至F ，并暂停发放多次入境签证。 The cumulative effect of these laws was the emergence of a black market for visa trade.的累积效应这些法律是出现了黑市交易的签证。 Because of the colossal sums that changed hands, many dishonest visa agents joined the fray.由于庞大的巨款易手，许多不诚实的签证代理商加入竞争。 African migrants in large numbers have continued to lament in agony as they helplessly watch themselves sink into that dreaded group of wanted illegal immigrants hunted night and day by China’s police forces.非洲移民大量继续痛苦的哀叹他们无奈地观看自己陷入可怕的是一群想非法移民猎杀白天和黑夜的中国的警察部队。 The situation has worsened recently because foreigners are subjected to instant checks and it is almost impossible to carry out any official transaction without valid papers.局势进一步恶化，因为外国人最近受到即时检查，几乎不可能进行任何官方交易没有有效文件。
It is impossible to estimate the number of Africans awaiting deportation in China’s cells and prisons. It is difficult to estimate the number that is on the run. 这是无法估计的数目等待驱逐的非洲人在中国的细胞和监狱。这是很难估计的人数是上运行。 It is equally very hard to tell which new laws will come out tomorrow to spell out the fate of Africans.这同样是很难分辨的新法律将于明天阐明命运的非洲人。 But one thing is certain; things will never be the same again in this country where Confucius once had fine words for foreigners.但有一点是肯定的;事情将不会同过去一样再次在这个国家里孔子曾经漂亮话的外国人。 “ What a joy it is to have friends coming from afar. ” “多么快乐是有朋友远道而来 。 ”
To deny the positive role China has played in the lives of some African migrants would be gross dishonesty.否认的积极作用，发挥中国的生活中一些非洲移民将是严重的不诚实。 It would be what is known in proverbial terms as eating and wiping one’s mouth on the ground.这将是所谓的谚语条款，饮食和消灭一个人的嘴在地面上。 Many Africans still attest to the kindness of the Chinese people.许多非洲人仍然证明了善良的中国人民。 Many more are still in regular employment, earning wages they could never dream of getting back home.还有许多人仍然在正规就业，工资收入，他们不可能的梦想越来越回家。 Africans have also been part of the large community of foreigners who have enjoyed unimaginable privileges and immunities in China.非洲人也已部分大型社区的外国人谁得到了难以想象的特权和豁免权在中国。
But when all is said and done, African migrants have a right to demand for more in terms of better treatment.但是，当说到底，非洲移民有权利要求更多的更好的待遇。 At a time when the entire world frets about Sino-African cooperation, at a time when China claims to be Africa’s protector, at a time when Beijing claims to owe a collective social responsibility towards Africa, the first people to feel the impact of this high-pitched language should be the Africans on Beijing’s doorsteps.当整个世界frets对中非合作的，当时中国声称是非洲的保护者，当时北京声称欠集体的社会责任对非洲，第一次感受到人民的影响本次高投语言应该是非洲人在北京的家门口。 By virtue of the supposed closeness between China and Africa, these Africans expect a pride of place when it comes to dealing with foreigners.凭借假定的密切关系中国和非洲，这些非洲人期望骄傲的地方是在与外国人打交道。
One asset which Africans have, and which not even history has succeeded in taking away from them is the ability to resist, adapt and develop survival instincts.一个资产非洲人，其中甚至没有历史已经成功地远离他们是有能力抵制，适应和发展的生存本能。 Africans have survived the worst forms of repression in human history.非洲人经受了最恶劣形式的压迫是人类历史上。 They have endured discrimination of all forms.他们忍受歧视的一切形式。 African migrants have faced torture, repression and repatriation in all imaginable parts of the world.非洲移民所面临酷刑，镇压和遣返所有想象世界各地。 They are therefore no strangers in this game.因此，他们并不陌生的球员。 But as Niccolo Machiavelli once observed, “ diseases are difficult to diagnose but easy to cure when they are young.但是，随着尼克洛马基雅弗利曾经指出， “ 疾病是很难诊断，但容易治愈时，他们是年轻的。 At an older stage, they become easy to diagnose but difficult to cure. ” This is where Chinese immigration authorities have to do some thinking when it comes to dealing with African migrants. 在旧阶段，他们很容易成为诊断，但难以治愈。 “这就是中国移民当局必须做一些思想是在处理非洲移民。
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Why is all this happening?为什么这一切发生？ Iraq?伊拉克？ Hurricane Katrina and then Ike?飓风然后艾克？ Sarah Palin?莎拉帕林？ And now the economy?和现在的经济？ 
