By PHILIP OCHIENG由弘ochieng

WHY IS THE WHITE MEDIA SO preoccupied with Barack Obama’s race? Is it because the young Illinois senator could become the first black person to be elected president of a predominantly white country? 為什麼是白色的媒體，使忙於與巴拉克奧巴馬的種族？是因為年輕的伊利諾伊州參議員可能成為首位黑人的人當選總統，一個主要以白人的國家呢？ If so, then it is a sad commentary on white psychology.如果是的話，那麼這是一個可悲的評論對白色的心理。

Barack and Michelle Obama 巴拉克和Michelle奧巴馬
In the 1970s, the Anglo-American media showed little or no interest when an African country elected a white man as its president.在20世紀70年代，英美媒體表明，很少或根本沒有興趣時，一個非洲國家選出了白人男子為會議主席。 To be sure, the Seychelles is as multiracial as the United States.可以肯定的是，塞舌爾是作為一個多種族，作為美國。 But make no mistake about it.但毫無疑問它。 It is a black country.這是一個黑色的國家。

Albert Rene 何俊仁雷 is a Caucasian of French extraction — the Indian Ocean archipelago having once been a French colony.是一個白人的法國萃取-印度洋群島有一次，一個法國殖民地。 Yet his racial category did not bother the voters.但他的種族類別沒有理會選民。 They chose him only because, at heart, he was more African than most members of the OAU heads of state summit.他們選擇了他，只是因為在心上，他被更多的非洲比大多數成員的非統組織國家元首首腦會議。

Detractors see nothing but racism in the excitement over Obama’s blackness. The white West seems electrified that the scion of an adventurous “tribesman” from deep inside the Dark Continent may become the most powerful man in a white-dominated world. 反對者看到種族主義無關，但在興奮超過奧巴馬的黑。白紙西似乎電氣化認為，接穗一個冒險的“部落”從我內心深處的黑暗大陸有可能成為最強大的男子在一個白色佔主導地位的世界。

The question is: Is Obama a black man? There are, of course, two ways of answering that question — first by his attitude and then by his skin colour. 問題是：奧巴馬是一個黑色的男子？有，當然，兩種方式回答這個問題-首先，他的態度，然後由他的膚色。 Looking at how he habitually responds to social cues, some of his fellow black Americans are tempted to dismiss him as an Uncle Tom.在研究如何回應，他習慣性的社會線索，他的一些研究員美國黑人是誘惑，辭退他作為一個湯姆叔叔。

An 1 Uncle Tom 湯姆叔叔 is the American equivalent of our Afro-Saxons — jet-black individuals so mesmerised by white bourgeois values that they fawn shamelessly on any white person they meet. 是美國，相當於我們的非裔-撒克遜人-噴射黑色個人，所以m esmerised白資產階級的價值觀，他們就無恥地討好任何人，他們的白色滿足。

But, evidently, Obama is not an Uncle Tom. Therefore, we must say that, if he is black, it is only on the surface — that is, skin deep. 但是，很明顯，奧巴馬是不是一個湯姆叔叔。因此，我們必須說，如果他是黑色的，這只不過是表面上-也就是，皮膚深。 Most people do not see how strange that statement is.大多數人並不見如何奇怪的是，聲明是。 By what figment of the imagination can Senator Barack Obama be called black even on the evidence of skin?由什麼憑空想像可以參議員巴拉克奧巴馬被稱為黑色，甚至對證據的皮膚呢？

In my reading, I have met only one person struck by this absurdity.在我讀，我見過只有一人擊中了這個荒謬的。 Indeed, Richard Dawkins, the outspoken Oxford evolutionary biologist, is germane here because he shares something vital with Barack Obama Senior and myself: All three of us were born in Kenya many decades ago.事實上，理查德道金斯，敢言的牛津大學的進化生物學家，是有密切關係在這裡，因為他的股份一些重要的與巴拉克奧巴馬高級和我本人的：所有我們三人出生在肯尼亞的許多幾十年前。

But although Dawkins is as white as gypsum, he knows much more than most of mankind about mankind’s “raciation.” That is why he “lights no torch” — a phrase which I borrow from him — on the scourge of racism.不過，儘管道金斯是白石膏，他知道，遠遠超過大部分的人類即將人類的“ raciation 。 ”這就是為什麼他“燈沒有火炬” -一句話，我借用他的-對種族主義禍害。 That is why it appals him that Obama is called a black man.這就是為什麼它appals他說，奧巴馬是所謂的黑人男子。

Of his many books, Dawkins is best known for The Selfish Gene and, more recently,他的許多書籍，道金斯是最有名的為自私的基因，以及最近 The God Delusion 上帝妄想 , a book which puts him in the same bracket as two other Kenyans — an equally controversial white evolutionary biologist called Richard Leakey and a charcoal-black man called Philip Ochieng.一本書，這使他在同一個支架作為其他兩個肯尼亞人-一個同樣具爭議性的白色的進化生物學家所謂的理查德l eakey和木炭的黑人男子所謂弘o chieng。

I am still in the middle of “ 我仍然在中東“ A Pilrimage to the Dawn of Life: The Ancestor’s Tale 1 pilrimage到黎明的生活：祖先的故事 “ , Dawkins’s latest work. “道金斯的最新工作。 But I have reached the page where he demands to be shown the logic of a system which makes you black even when your blood is 90 per cent “Caucasian” and only 10 per cent “Negroid.”但我已達成的網頁，他要求要顯示的邏輯系統，使您的黑色，甚至當你的血液是百分之九十的“高加索” ，只有百分之十“ negroid ” 。

Writes Dawkins: “ People who are universally agreed by all Americans to be ‘black’ may draw less than one-eighth of their ancestry from Africa, and often have a light skin colour well within the normal range for people universally agreed to be ‘white’. ” 道金斯寫道 ： “ 人誰是普遍同意由所有的美國人都被'黑' ，可以提請不少於1 -第八他們的祖先來自非洲，而且往往有一個輕型的膚色，以及內部的正常範圍為人民的普遍同意將'白' “ 。

He draws the reader’s attention to a “…picture of four American politicians, two of whom are described in all newspapers as ‘black’ [and] the other two as ‘white’.” The picture is of Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, George Bush and Donald Rumsfeld.他提請讀者的注意一個“ … …圖片四美國的政客，其中兩人是描述在所有報紙作為'黑' [和]其他兩個為'白' ” 。圖片是康多莉扎賴斯國務卿鮑威爾，老布什和拉姆斯菲爾德。 Dawkins asks an inevitable question:道金斯要求的必然問題：

“Wouldn’ta Martian, unschooled in our conventions but able to see skin shades, be more likely to split them three against one? “ wouldn'ta火星， unschooled在我們的公約，但可以看到皮膚色調，更有可能分裂，他們3人反對，一？ Surely, yes.” Why?當然，是“為什麼呢？ Because, in the picture, Rice stands out “darkly” against the other three, not to mention that her attire (female) would also strike the Martian’s eye as oddly out of line.因為，在圖片中，賴斯主張的“黑暗” ，對其他三個，更遑論她的裝束（女）也將罷工火星的眼睛，作為奇怪的脫節。

Dawkins goes on: “But in our culture, almost everybody will immediately ’see’ Mr Powell as ‘black,’ even in this particular photograph, which happens to show him with possibly lighter skin than [even] Bush and Rumsfeld.” What exactly can it mean? 道金斯有雲： “但在我們的文化，幾乎每個人都會立即'見'鮑威爾'黑' ，甚至在這方面，特別是照片，這正好顯示他可能是較輕的皮膚比[ ，甚至]布什和拉姆斯菲爾德” 。到底可以意思呢？

Many members of the American intelligentsia would boast that it is a manifestation of “pluralism.” But many others have sneered at this claim.許多委員對美國的知識分子會吹噓，這是一個體現“多元化” ，但許多其他人嘲笑，在這件索賠。 Carl Friedrich (in The New Belief in the Common Man) agrees that “The … United States [is a] ‘teeming nation of nations’.” He asserts: “Here all the nationalities of Europe have come together…”卡爾弗里德里希（在新的信仰，共同的男子）同意“ …美國[是] '澆注民族的國家' ” 。 他斷言 ： “在這裡各民族的歐洲走到一起… … ”

But he hastens to point out that there is a great deal of phobia even between the white immigrants from Europe, saying that, “…while they are all Americans, it would be a great mistake to think that the different nationalities embrace each other in loving affection.”但他加速指出，是有大量的恐懼症，甚至之間的白色移民來自歐洲，說， “ … …雖然他們都是美國人，那將是一個很大的錯誤認為，不同國籍的擁抱對方，在愛好感情“ 。

As HL Mencken wrote long ago in his American Language, Americans have coined numerous derogatory terms for each European ethnic group — pejoratives like wops, chinks, limeys and yids.作為孟肯寫了不久前他在美國語言，美國人創造了眾多的貶義的條款為每個歐洲族群-拉丁文字一樣， w ops， c hinks， l imeys和y ids。

In “The Evil That Men Do,” Brian Masters informs us: “In the First World War, the Germans were called Huns by the British and Boches by the French. 在 “ 邪惡的男人做的事情， ”布賴恩的主人告訴我們： “在第一次世界大戰中，德國被稱為匈奴由英國和博凱斯由法國。 The Vietnamese were called gooks by the [white] Americans, Jews are referred to as yids and almost any dark-skinned person is a wog to many Englishmen.在越南，被稱為gooks由[白]美國人，猶太人被稱為yids和幾乎任何一個黑皮膚的人是一個wog許多英國人。 While it may not be acceptable, except to a sadist, to tear a peasant lady’s head off as her children watch, the feat can be accomplished with ease if she is only a gook, a wog or a yid.”雖然它可能是不能接受的，除非一sadist ，撕毀農民夫人的頭，因為她的孩子觀賞，這一壯舉可以完成與紓緩，如果她只是一個性國， wog或一yid “ 。

THE QUESTION IS: SHOULD Americans be patted on the back for hurling these unfriendly tribal epithets at one another? 問題是：應該美國人拍拍在背部，為投擲這些不友好的部落稱呼在一另？

Is this the significance of what Daniel Easterman (in New Jerusalems) and Dale Davidson and William Rees-Mogg (in The Great Reckoning) brag about as “cultural pluralism” or John Naisbitt (in Megatrends) as “multiculturalism”?這是什麼樣的意義丹尼爾伊斯特曼（在新jerusalems ）和戴爾戴維森和威廉里斯-莫格（在偉大的推算）吹噓為“文化多元主義”或約翰奈斯比（在大趨勢）為“多元文化主義”呢？

In The Closing of the American Mind, Allan Bloom avers that “… anybody can become an American in an instant…” But Friedrich points out that America’s social groups, even ethnic whites, have to think twice whether they really belong fully.在結束美國的心目中，黃子華申明“ … …任何人都可以成為美國在瞬間… … ”不過，弗里德里希指出，美國的社會群體，甚至族裔的白人，都必須三思，他們是否真正屬於充分。

If this were not so, America’s mega-cities would long ago have amalgamated their “Chinatowns,” “Polack towns” and the “spa-ghetto” in which New York City’s ethnic Italians languish.如果不是這樣的話，美國的大城市早就合併他們的“唐人街” ， “ polack城鎮”和“水療中心-猶太人區” ，在這種新的紐約市的民族意大利languish 。

They would also have banished from their vocabulary the word Wasp (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant), given its connotation of superiority over all other white groups and racial minorities.他們也會有被流放從他們的詞彙一詞黃蜂（白盎格魯撒克遜新教徒） ，由於其內涵的優勢，超過所有其他的白色團體和少數種族。 Even Naisbitt recognises that the American “melting pot” of races and white ethnic groups is a myth.甚至奈思比承認，美國的“大熔爐”的種族和白人族群是一個神話。

For him, there exists something much better than a melting pot — cultural pluralism. Writes Naisbitt: “We have moved from the myth of the melting pot to a celebration of cultural diversity.對他來說，存在著一些明顯優於熔爐-多元文化。寫道：奈斯比說： “我們已經從神話的熔爐，以慶祝文化的多樣性。

“It is a far cry from the way the Americans handled ethnicity in the past. “這是一個很大的距離的方式處理族裔的美國人在過去的。 We seemed to put new immigrants through a metaphorical blender until they came out [as] homogenised Americans, with little remaining of their former heritage.” So what has replaced the melting pot?我們似乎把新移民通過一個隱喻攪拌器，直到他們出來[ ] homogenised美國人，幾乎沒有剩餘的他們的前遺產“ 。那麼，取代了大熔爐呢？

His reply: “One key factor behind the increasing acceptance of ethnic diversity has been the rapid growth of two minorities in particular: Spanish-speaking Americans, who [in the mid-1980s] officially number l5 million … or about 6.4 per cent of the population, and Asian Americans, about 3.5 million or about l.5 per cent of the US population.” 他的答复： “一個關鍵因素背後的日益接受種族多樣性一直快速增長的兩個少數族裔，尤其是：講西班牙語的美國人，誰[在八十年代中期]正式的人數15萬人… …或約6.4 ％的人口和亞裔美國人，約在350萬左右，或約l.5 ％的美國人口“ 。

“With three sizeable minorities now in the nation — the largest being the blacks, with 26 million or about one-tenth of the US population — the either/or world where Americans were either black or white is over for ever. “三個龐大的少數群體，現在在全國的-最大的黑人，與2 6000000或約了其中的十分之一，美國的人口-要么/或世界裡，美國人無論是黑或白是永遠。 That was a world structured to encourage uniformity rather than diversity.”這是一個世界的結構，以鼓勵均勻性，而非多樣性“ 。

“Blacks, as the only recognised ethnic group, encountered racial and ethnic prejudice; whites, who were themselves ethnically diverse, tried to emulate (subconsciously perhaps) the Wasp ideal. “黑人，作為唯一認可的族群，所遇到的種族和族裔偏見;白人，誰被自己的種族多樣化，試圖學習（潛意識也許）黃蜂理想。 With more racial and ethnic groups now (think of Asian Orientals and Latins, who are black, white and brown), uniformity is impossible…”與更多的種族和族裔群體，現在（認為亞洲東方人和拉丁美洲，誰是黑，白及啡色） ，統一是不可能的… … “

“And white Americans are identifying with their own ethnic roots to join the new game of diversity. “和白人現正物色與自己的民族根源加入新遊戲的多樣性。 Even major ethnic groups are diverse.即使是主要族裔群體是多種多樣的。 Latins are Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Guatemalan, San Salvadorean, Columbian, and from a variety of Central and Southern American countries.”拉丁美洲是墨西哥，波多黎各，古巴，危地馬拉，新薩爾瓦多，哥倫比亞，和來自不同的中部和南部美洲國家“ 。

Note this. By “Asians,” Americans mean Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Laotian, Indonesian and other Mongoloid immigrants. 注意：此。由“亞洲人” ，美國人的意思，中國，菲律賓語，日語，韓語，越南，老撾，印尼和其他蒙古入境者。 The word Asian has nothing to do with the British or East African “Asians” of subcontinental origin.這個詞在亞洲完全沒有與英國或東非的“亞洲人”次大陸的起源。

So, in Naisbitt’s account black Americans are just another “ethnic group” — indeed, even as “the only group recognisable as ethnic.” Why? 因此，在奈思比的帳戶美國黑人只不過是另一個“族群” -事實上，即使作為“唯一的組辨認作為民族” ，為什麼呢？ Is it because they are recognisable by a common colour, their blackness? 是不是因為他們是辨認一個共同的膚色，他們的黑呢？

But why can’t anybody else be seen as ethnic through his white skin?但為什麼不能任何人都被看作是民族通過他的白皮膚呢？ The truth is the opposite.事實是相反。 Blacks are the only non-ethnic community of non-natives in the entire North American landscape. They are the only genuine nation in the United States.黑人是唯一的非華裔社區的非本地人，在整個北美景觀， 他們是唯一真正的民族在美國。

For they are composed of all African (and, given Barack Obama and others of mixed race, even all European and Native American) ethnicities so well blended together that their various ethnic peculiarities (such as Africa’s Bantu, Hamite, Nilote, Bushmanoid or Luo, Wolof and Kongo) have long disappeared.因為他們是組成所有非洲（和，鑑於巴拉克奧巴馬和其他混合種族，甚至所有歐洲和美洲原住民） ，使種族以及混合在一起，他們的各民族的特殊性（如非洲的班圖人，含米特人， nilote ， bushmanoid或羅，沃洛夫語和剛果文）早已消失了。

Slave conditions (and this may have been a blessing) forced them to unite under a single yoke, discarding their narrow original African (and European) costumes. 奴隸的條件（這可能已被福） ，迫使他們團結下，一個單一的枷鎖，拋棄狹隘的原始非洲（和歐洲）服裝。

Moreover, Naisbitt’s advocacy of racial and ethnic diversity in conditions of economic and intellectual injustice that themselves follow racial and ethnic lines is clearly amoral.此外，奈斯比的倡導種族和族裔多樣性的條件下，經濟和智力的不公正自己後續的種族和族裔線，顯然是不道德的。 It is not based on each group’s natural right to existence but merely on the fact that their presence in America is unavoidable.這是不是基於每個組的自然生存權利，而只是對事實，即他們的存在在美國是不可避免的。

He seems to say: “History has dumped us all here and since — because of our chauvinism and economic greed— we are unable to unite as races, let us celebrate our racial and ethnic diversity. 他似乎是說： “歷史已經傾倒，我們所有在這裡和自-因為我們的沙文主義和經濟的貪婪-我們無法團結的賽事，讓我們慶祝我們的種族和族裔多樣性。 Let us not worry about our material differences (even though they are based on these very racial differences).”讓我們不要擔心我們的物質差異（即使他們是基於這些非常種族差別） “ 。

Naisbitt seems to say: “All the races and tribes of America are here to stay whether you like it or not. 奈思比似乎是說： “所有種族和部落的美利堅合眾國在這裡留下您是否喜歡與否，它。 You gain exactly nothing — and even injure your own selves — by making so much noise about it and burning one another’s houses and churches.” Bully for him.您可以獲得完全無關-甚至傷害自己的守土有責-作出了這麼多關於它的噪音和燃燒彼此的房屋和教堂“。欺負他。

But it poses a good question for Americans that, if its ruling classes were longer-sighted, the country would have asked itself long ago to save its citizens and other members of the human family the unnecessary suffering that white racism has inflicted on other races as well as on the whites themselves for so many centuries.但它構成了一個很好的問題對美國人來說，如果其統治階層的人更長的眼光，該國將要求本身早就以節省其公民和其他成員的人類大家庭的不必要的痛苦，白色的種族主義造成了對其他種族作為以及對白人自己這麼多世紀。

Yet, by neatly avoiding the fact that self-interest underlies these tragedies, Naisbitt is able to make the simplistic claim that the American people are consciously making the choice against the “melting pot” and that the “game” now is “cultural pluralism.”然而，由整齊避免的事實，自我利益之下，這些悲劇，奈斯比，是能夠作出簡單的聲稱，美國人民都自覺地作出選擇，對“大熔爐” ， “遊戲” ，現在是“文化多元主義。 “

The fact, however, is that this trend is a result of Wasp chauvinism rather than of any choice freely and consciously made by “Americans.” It does not result from any realisation that such pluralism is better than a melting pot.事實上，然而，這種趨勢是由於黃蜂沙文主義，而非任何的選擇自由和自覺地發了言： “美國人”不會造成任何的變現，這種多元化是不如大熔爐。 One hopes, moreover, that Naisbitt is confining his statement to the US because others have made diametrically opposite claims about Europe.一的希望，此外，奈斯比是局限於他的發言向美國因為別人取得了截然相反的索賠約歐洲。

But if Naisbitt is right to say that there is no such thing as a blend or a melting pot as far as the ethnic spirit goes, surely Allan Bloom, the respected Chicago educator, is also right.但如果奈思比是正確的說是沒有這種東西，作為一個配方或熔爐據民族精神去，一定署長開花，尊敬的芝加哥，教育家，也是正確的。 Fundamentally, all these European ethnic groups and other immigrants have, over a protracted period of time, become homogenised.從根本上說，所有這些歐洲族裔團體及其他移民，超過一個長期的時間內，成為homogenised 。

Yet this is correct only up to a point.然而，這是正確的，只有到一個點。 Only in the liberal ideology of individualism — only in greed, in the go-getting spirit, only in the ferocity with which that quest is pursued — is it possible to become an American overnight — not in terms of essence, not in terms of ethnicity and race.只有在自由的思想，個人主義-只有在貪婪中，在去獲得的精神，只有在殘酷與該追求，是追求-是否有可能成為美國在一夜之間-而不是條款的本質，而不是在條款種族和種族。

Bloom states that any immigrant can become an American the minute he or she lands on the Atlantic shores of that country.布魯姆認為，任何國家的移民可以成為美國的一分鐘，他或她土地上大西洋兩岸的國家。 In other words, there is nothing easier than to become an American.在其他的話，沒有什麼比更容易成為一個美國人。 But there is a racial element even in this.但有一個種族的元素，甚至在這方面。 Bloom’s assertion is correct only to the extent that it refers to white individuals.盛開的論斷是正確的範圍僅限於它是指白色的個人。

IT IS OF THEM THAT HISTORIAN Maldwyn Allen Jones speaks. In Made in America, Bill Bryson quotes him as saying: “Culturally estranged from their parents by their American education, and wanting nothing so much as to become and to be accepted as Americans, many second-generation immigrants made deliberate efforts to rid themselves of their [ethnic] heritage.這是他們說，歷史學家maldwyn李鵬飛瓊斯發表講話。在取得在美國，條例草案布賴森尋獲他的話說： “文化隔閡，從他們的父母，由他們的美國教育，希望沒有這麼多，以成為和被接納為美國人，許多第二代移民所作的努力，刻意擺脫他們的[民族]遺產。

“The adoption of American clothes, speech and interests, often accompanied by the shedding of an exotic surname, were all part of a process whereby antecedents were repudiated as a means of improving status.” “通過美國的衣服，講話和利益，往往伴隨著人們的異國情調的姓，都是一個進程的一部分，即前因被推翻作為一種手段，提高地位” 。

Bryson reports that it was an immigrant from Western Europe who coined the phrase melting pot to describe this phenomenon of overnight Americanisation of what a detractor called “the dregs of Europe.”布賴森報告說，它是一個移民來自西歐誰創造了這句話的熔爐來形容這種現象的通宵americanisation什麼detractor所謂的“糟粕的歐洲” 。

“By the turn of the [19th] century,” Bryson writes, New York had become easily the most cosmopolitan city the world had ever seen. “之交[ 19 ]世紀， ”布賴森寫，紐約已成為最容易的國際大都會，世界上一些人們從未見過的。 Eighty per cent of its five million inhabitants were either foreign-born or the children of immigrants. 80 ％ ，其五百萬居民都是在外國出生的，或移民的子女。

“It had more Italians than the combined populations of Florence, Genoa and Venice, more Irish than anywhere but Dublin, more Russians than Kiev. “它有更多的意大利比相結合的人口佛羅倫薩，熱那亞和威尼斯，更多的愛爾蘭比在任何地方，但都柏林，更多的俄羅斯人比基輔。 As Herman Melville put it: ‘ We are not so much a nation as a world. ‘”作為赫爾曼梅爾維爾把它： ' 我們不是那麼多，一個民族作為一個世界 “ 。

But, reports Bryson, it was a British Zionist called Israel Zangwill who, in 1908, wrote a play depicting this immigration avalanche.不過，報告布賴森，這是一個英國的猶太复國主義的所謂以色列冉威爾誰，於1908年，寫了一本描繪發揮人民入境事務雪崩。 He called it The Melting Pot and thus gave the Americans and the rest of the English-speaking world an unforgettably expressive term.他呼籲它的熔爐，從而給美國人和其餘的以英語為母語的世界是一個難忘的表現。

THE QUESTION, HOWEVER, IS: has America ever really been a melting pot? 但問題是，是：美國以往任何時候都真的是一個大熔爐呢？ How deep was this Americanisation of Europeans?有多深，這americanisation的歐洲人呢？ When the Europeans left their ethnic settings to settle in America, they were quick to learn American ways — but only what it took to be accepted as Americans by mainstream Americans.當歐洲人離開他們的種族設置，以解決在美國，他們快速了解美國的方式-但只有它了被接納為美國人的主流美國人。

And we learn that what it took to do that was extremely superficial.和我們知道它是什麼了這樣做是非常膚淺的。 Here is Bryson: “Once across the ocean, the immigrants tended naturally to congregate in enclaves.這裡是布賴森說： “一旦跨越海洋，移民，自然傾向於聚集在飛地。 Almost all migrants from Norway between 1815 and 1860 settled in just four states, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois.幾乎所有的移民來自挪威之間的1815年和1860年定居在短短的4個國家，威斯康星州，明尼蘇達州，愛荷華州和伊利諾州。

“In much the same way, two-thirds of the Dutch were to be found in Michigan, New York, Wisconsin and Iowa… In the first half of the 19th century, several German societies were formed with the express intention of… concentrating immigration in a particular area [so] that they could take it over. “在很多相同的方式，三分之二的荷蘭被發現在密歇根州，紐約，威斯康星州和愛荷華州… …在第一次19世紀下半葉，幾位德國社會的形成與表達的意圖…集中在入境事務處某一特定地區的[ ] ，他們可以接管它。

“One German spoke for many when he dreamed of Pennsylvania becoming ‘an entirely German state where… the beautiful German language would be used in the legislative halls of the courts of justice’…” “一個德語發言時，許多他的夢想是賓夕法尼亞州成為'一個完全德語所在國的…美麗的德語語言將被用於在立法會大廳的法院司法' … … ”

We learn that “Pennsylvanian Dutch” nearly became the official language of that state, a language so called by corrupting Deutsch, the German word for “German.”我們知道“ pennsylvanian荷蘭語”幾乎成為官方語言的國家，語言，所謂由腐蝕軟體，德國的字為“德國” 。

This was the beginning of the white ghetto system in America, and the increasingly rapid stream of immigrants from Eastern and Mediterranean Europe soon revealed the age-old arrogance of people of Northern European origin.這是年初白皮書聚居區系統在美國，和越來越快流的移民來自東歐和地中海歐洲盡快揭示了歷史悠久的囂張氣焰，人民的北部歐洲血統。

This Nordic conceit was not native to America.這個北歐自負並非本土到美國。 It was imported from Europe.這是從歐洲進口。 In Africans and Their History, Joseph Harris, a black American historian, describes the attitude of one 19th-century European exponent of it: “Some critics have observed that Joseph de Gobineau’s Essai sur l’Inegalite (’Essay on Inequality’) was the most directly influential publication on racism in the 19th century.在非洲人和他們的歷史，約瑟夫哈里斯，一個黑色的美國歷史學家，描述的態度，一個十九世紀的歐洲指數，它說： “有評論家指出，約瑟夫德戈賓諾的essai sur l' inegalite （ '徵文就不平等' ）是最直接影響力的出版對種族主義在十九世紀。

“Gobineau, a Frenchman, extolled the racial purity of the Nordics and explained that as the Franks [Nordics] mixed with Gallic [Celtic] stocks, the former became weaker and more decadent, which eventually led to their overthrow by commoner elements, the leaders of the French Revolution.” “戈賓諾，法國人，頌揚種族的純潔性，北歐，並解釋說，由於法蘭克斯[北歐]混合與沒食子[凱爾特]股票，前者成為較弱，更腐朽，最終導致了他們推翻所形成的要素，領導人對法國大革命“ 。

According to Gobineau, then, France’s alliance of aristocrats and priests ruled France by dint of their Teutonic (Frankish) blood.據戈賓諾，那麼，法國的聯盟貴族和神職人員排除法國憑藉其teutonic （法蘭克）的血液。 To disturb this arrangement — through the demand for justice that culminated in the great bourgeois revolution of 1789 — could only be the work of the “lower blood” Celto-Latin admixture extant in the French nation.擾亂這樣的安排-通過司法的需求，最終在偉大的資產階級革命的1 789年-只可“的工作還有降低血壓的” c e lto-拉丁美洲外加劑現存在法語區國家。

Harris reports: In his book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, Houston S. Chamberlain, an Englishman who later became a German citizen, expanded on Gobineau’s ideas. 哈里斯報告：在他的著作的基礎十九世紀，美國休斯頓張伯倫，一個英國人誰後來成為德國公民，擴大了對戈賓諾的想法。 Chamberlain attempted to show that almost everything worthwhile in history [was] accomplished by Nordics.張伯倫，企圖表明，幾乎一切都值得在歷史上[是]完成了由北歐。

“He combined ideas on the evolutionary struggle with the will for power and presented a doctrine of the master race similar to that later adopted by Hitler.” Both Gobineau and Chamberlain were writing at a time when immigration into the United States from Southern and Eastern Europe and the Balkans had become a flood. “他結合思想對進化鬥爭的意志，權力和提交了一份學說的主種族相似，後來通過的希特勒”兩戈賓諾和張伯倫分別以書面形式在的時候，移民到美國，從南部和東部歐洲和巴爾幹地區已成為防洪。

According to Bill Bryson, “In 1907, to give vent to the growing concerns that America was being swept to oblivion by a tide of rabble [from Eastern Europe], Congress established a panel called the Dillingham Commission.”根據條例草案布賴森， “在1907年，以發洩日益關注，美國正在席捲遺忘由一個潮流烏合之眾[來自東歐] ，國會成立了一個小組，稱為狄林漢姆委員會” 。

Its 42-volume report concluded essentially that immigration before 1880 had been no bad thing — the immigrants, primarily from Northern Europe, were (by implication) industrious, decent, trustworthy and largely Protestant, and as a result had assimilated well.它的42卷本報告的結論，主要的入境之前， 1880年已沒有一件壞事-移民，主要來自北部歐洲，分別為： （暗示）勤勞的，體面的，值得信賴，主要是新教徒，因此已被同化。

“But immigration after 1880 had been marked by the entry into America of uneducated, unsophisticated, largely shiftless and certainly non-Protestant masses from Southern and Eastern Europe. “但入境後， 1880年已明顯由進入美國的沒有受過教育，落後，主要是shiftless ，當然非基督教的群眾來自南歐和東歐。 It maintained that the [immigrant] Germans and Scandinavians had bought farms and become productive members of American society, while the second merely soaked up charity and acted as a [drain] on industrial earnings.”它堅持認為， [移民]德國和斯堪的納維亞買了農場，並成為有生產力的成員的美國社會，而第二只濕透了慈善機構，並擔任一[流失]對工業的收入“ 。

It was the same Teutonic conceit that the world has since become familiar with. 這是相同的teutonic自負說，世界已經成為熟悉。

And yet when a black man, Andrew Young pointed this out (when he was Jimmy Carter’s ambassador to the United Nations), there was great uproar from Wasps in America and Europe.然而，當一個黑人男子，年輕的鄭家富指出了這一點（當他被卡特的駐聯合國大使） ，有很大嘩然，從蜂在美洲和歐洲。

An otherwise intelligent white writer makes this fatuous claim about the British, especially the English: “Although they often behaved tyrannically in their empire, the British are not by inclination a tyrannical people.” No statement can be more meaningless. 1 ，否則智能白色的作家，使這fatuous索賠約，英國，特別是英語： “雖然他們往往表現tyrannically在其帝國，英國是不是由傾角一暴虐的人。 ”沒有聲明，可以更毫無意義。

No race, nation or tribe is ever tyrannical or chauvinistic “by inclination,” that is to say, genetically.沒有種族，民族或部落，是以往任何時候都暴虐或沙文主義“的傾向， ”這就是說，基因。 The British Empire was tyrannical in whatever way you look at it.大英帝國是在暴虐的方式，無論你看看它。 But “inclination” had nothing to do with it.但“傾向”無關，用它做。 It is not the British people who are to blame — although all classes of British society were seduced into racism by the propaganda of the upper classes.這不是英國人民是誰的責任-雖然所有類別的英國社會被引誘到種族主義宣傳的上層階級。

It was the economic interests of these classes that come into play.這是經濟利益，這些類別來發揮作用。 Such interests are what propel all empire-builders.這種利益是什麼推進所有帝國的建設者。 Tyranny and empire-building are attributes of civilisation, culture and opportunity.暴政和帝國的建設是屬性的文明，文化和機會。

Moreover, it is a class question: Lower-class members of the same race, nation or tribe will equally suffer from it under the illusion that they are actually beneficiaries — as Kenya’s own elite Gema grouping seduced the Kikuyu, Embu and Meru masses into believing that their interests are identical even as their Kamatusa counterparts were doing the same to the Kalenjin, Maasai and Turkana masses. 此外，它是一類問題：低下階層的成員相同的種族，民族或部落，將同樣受到它根據錯覺，以為他們其實是受益者-肯尼亞作為自己的精英g ema分組引誘了吉庫尤，恩布和梅魯群眾以為他們的利益是一致的，甚至作為他們的kamatusa對應做同樣的向kalenjin ，馬賽和圖爾卡納群眾。

Tyranny over other nations can assume national proportions only to the extent that the ruling class of one race can turn a whole nation of a different race into a class targeted for exploitation.暴政超過其他國家可以承擔的國家的比例只有在以下範圍內的統治階級，一個種族可以把整個民族的不同的種族成為一個一流的有針對性的開發。 Racism becomes a national thought-habit only to the extent that the lower classes are deeply swayed by the prejudices, trappings, ideas and practices of the ruling classes within the same nation and race.種族主義成為一個國家，發人深省的習慣，只有在以下範圍內，低下階層深感所左右的偏見，服飾，想法和做法，統治階級內部的同一民族和種族。

Only bourgeois Britain — and not the British in general — colonised and tyrannised, for example, Kenya, though, of course, British propagandists gave the British working class the illusion that they were also beneficiaries. 只有資產階級英國-而不是英國在一般-殖民地和t y rannised，例如，肯尼亞，雖然，當然，英國宣傳員了英國工人階級錯覺，以為他們還受益者。

Ali Mazrui writes somewhere, “It is worth distinguishing between Germanic whites … on one side, and Latin whites … on the other. 阿里mazrui某處寫道， “這是值得區分日耳曼白人…一方面，和拉丁美洲的白人…對其他。 Germanic cultures encompass not only the Germans but also the Anglo-Saxons (British and mainstream United States) and the Dutch.”日耳曼文化的涵蓋不只是德國人，但也是盎格魯-撒克遜人（英國的主流和美國）和荷蘭“ 。

“Latin culture embraces not only Italians but also the traditions of Spain, Portugal and France… On the balance, Germanic cultures have been more obsessed with separation of the races than have Latin cultures.” “拉丁美洲文化，不僅包含了意大利，而且傳統的西班牙，葡萄牙和法國…就平衡，日耳曼文化已被更多的痴迷與分離的賽事比拉丁美洲的文化” 。

“It may not be an accident that the most elaborate cases of segregation, and the most fanatical forms of racism in the 20th century, have been perpetrated by Germans (Nazism), Afrikaners (apartheid), Americans (the Jim Crow culture of lynching) and the British (with their segregated empire). “這可能不是一個意外的最詳細的個案隔離，和最狂熱的各種形式的種族主義，在20世紀，已經犯下的德國人（納粹主義） ， afrikaners （種族隔離） ，美國人（吉姆克勞文化私刑）和英國（與他們隔離帝國） 。 All these racist traditions are culturally Germanic .” 所有這些種族主義的傳統文化日耳曼 “ 。

“Of course, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Italians and the French have had their own versions of racism. “當然，西班牙，葡萄牙，意大利和法國有自己版本的種族主義。 But their brand of ethnocentrism has been less segregationist, less obsessed with the social and sexual separation of races.但其品牌的種族優越感已不足隔離，少痴迷與社會和性分離的比賽。 Latin whites have intermarried more readily with non-whites and mixed socially with other races with greater ease than have Germanic whites.”拉丁美洲白人有intermarried更容易與非白人和混合社會與其他種族更容易比有日耳曼白人“ 。

By separating “the Germans” from “the Anglo-Saxons,” Mazrui forgets that the Angles originated from Germany’s Schleswig-Holstein and the Saxons from Germany’s Nieder Sachsen (Lower Saxony).由分離“的德國人”從“盎格魯-撒克遜人” ， mazrui忘記的角度，源自德國的石勒蘇益格-荷爾斯泰因和撒克遜人來自德國的nieder薩克森州（下薩克森州） 。

Among the Germanic peoples, Mazrui does not mention the Danes, Norwegians, Swedes and Icelanders (and a part of the Swiss), probably because the Scandinavians, being shielded from contact both with Mediterranean whites and with blacks and other races, have never shown very intense racist attitudes.之間的日耳曼民族， mazrui沒有提到丹麥，挪威，瑞典和冰島（和部分瑞士） ，可能是因為斯堪的納維亞，被遮蔽的接觸，都與地中海白人與黑人和其他種族，從來沒有表現出很激烈的種族主義態度。

Nor does the professor mention the other great European culturo-linguistic groups, such as the Celts (Irish, Welsh, Scots and the Bretons of France), the Slavs (Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Czechs, Serbs, Croats, etc.) He is also silent on the Basque, Suomi (Finns) and Magyar (Hungarians), who, linguistically at least, are not Europeans.也沒有教授提到的其他偉大的歐洲culturo語言群體，如凱爾特人（愛爾蘭，威爾士，蘇格蘭和布雷頓斯法國） ，斯拉夫人（俄羅斯人，波蘭人，烏克蘭，捷克，塞爾維亞人，克羅地亞等） ，他亦是保持沉默，巴斯克， suomi （芬蘭人）和馬札爾（匈牙利） ，誰，至少在語言上，都沒有歐洲人。

But he is right on two scores. 但他是正確的兩個分數。 Racism is a cultural phenomenon, not a genetic one. The apparent reason that white racism has been more intense among the Germanic peoples than among the Latins — despite what I have just said about the Scandinavians — is that the Latins have been contiguous with the blacks and browns for millennia. 種族主義是一種文化現象，而不是一個遺傳1 。明顯的理由認為，白皮書的種族主義已經越來越激烈，其中日耳曼民族的比之間的拉丁美洲-儘管我剛才所說的關於斯堪的納維亞-是因為拉丁美洲已連續與黑人和褐幾千年。

Once upon a time, they even looked to black peoples — like the Danaans of Greece, the Copts of Egypt, the pre-Arab Libyans, the Moors of Mauritania and Spain and other “Ethiopians” — for intellectual, scientific and religious inspiration and guidance.黃飛鴻的時間，他們甚至期望黑色人民-像d anaans希臘，埃及的科普特人，前阿拉伯利比亞人，摩爾人的毛里塔尼亞和西班牙和其他“埃塞俄比亞人” -知識，科學和宗教的啟示和指導。

The Germanic peoples, on the other hand, have met with these brands of humanity only relatively recently, namely after the Germanics had taken over world leadership in technological and intellectual matters.日耳曼民族，在另一方面，曾與這些品牌的人類，只有相對最近，即後germanics接管了世界的領導，技術和智力的事宜。

NEVERTHELESS, THE ASSUMPTION by David Lamb (in The Africans) that racist attitudes belong only to the uneducated lower classes of whites, is wrong. Racism, as we have seen in America, is more an economic expression than a question of skin colour. 不過，假設由David羔羊 （在非洲）表示，種族主義態度屬於只向未受過教育的低下階層的白人，是錯誤的。 種族主義，正如我們所看到的在美國，更是一個經濟的表達比的問題膚色。

Moreover, it should be patent that only the upper classes of the Germanic race — as opposed to the lower classes — had the opportunity to travel overseas to meet other races and form opinions about them, including racist opinions.此外，應該專利，只有上層階級的日耳曼種族-作為反對低下階層-有機會前往外地旅遊，以滿足其他種族和形式的意見，其中包括種族主義的意見。 Anybody familiar with the intellectual history of Europe will see that racism was not propagated by the lower classes — who, at any rate, had no access to the media.任何人熟悉的智力歐洲歷史上都會看到，種族主義是不會宣傳的低下階層-誰，在任何率，沒有接觸媒體。

The greatest apostles of racism include such highly educated intellectuals as Luis Agassiz, Cyril Burt, Havelock Ellis, GWF Hegel, Richard Herrnstein, David Hume, Arthur Jensen, Cesare Lombroso, J. Murray, Albert Schweitzer, Joseph Seligman, Hugh Trevor-Roper and HG Wells.最大的使徒的種族主義，包括高學歷的知識分子，作為路易斯agassiz ，西里爾伯特，哈夫洛克埃利斯， gwf黑格爾，理查德赫恩斯坦，大衛休謨，阿瑟詹森，凱薩勃羅梭女士，美利，史懷哲，約瑟夫塞利格曼，休（ Trevor - roper和汞的水井。

But in this way the Germanic peoples — especially the Germans, Dutch, English and Yankee — have brought onto the world (and onto their own selves) a great deal of completely unnecessary suffering, bloodshed and death. 但在這樣日耳曼人民-尤其是德國，荷蘭文，英文和揚基-帶來了世界上（和上自己的守土有責）了大量的完全不必要的痛苦，流血和死亡。

It is through their colonies — intra-European as well as overseas — that the white dregs and other racial groups were taught to look down upon one another in a descending order and prevented from tackling the main problem.它是通過其殖民地-內部歐洲以及海外-即白渣和其他種族群體的教授看不起之一，另一個在一個遞減順序排列，並阻止解決的主要問題。

In his Autobiography, Malcolm X has a fascinating report on this graduated intra-white stupidity: “[New York City's Harlem] hadn’t always been a community of Negroes.在他的自傳， 馬爾科姆X具有迷人的報告，關於這個畢業於內部白色的愚蠢： “ [新紐約市的哈林]沒有，一直是社區的黑人。 It had first been a Dutch settlement, I learned.它首先被一名荷蘭的解決，我的經驗教訓。

“ Then began the massive waves of poor and half-starved and ragged immigrants from Europe, arriving with everything they owned in the world in bags and sacks on their backs. “ 然後開始了大規模的浪潮窮人和半飢餓和破爛的移民來自歐洲，抵達與他們擁有的一切，在世界上袋子對他們的支持。 The Germans came first [to Harlem]; the Dutch edged away for them, and Harlem became all-German.”德國人來到第一[哈林] ;荷蘭語微升遠離他們，哈林成為所有-德語“ 。

“ Then came the Irish, running from the potato famine [in Ireland]. The Germans ran, looking down their noses at the Irish, who took over Harlem. “ 後來，愛爾蘭，運行從馬鈴薯飢荒[在愛爾蘭] 。德國然，往下看他們的鼻子，在愛爾蘭，誰接手的哈林。 Next, the Italians; same thing — the Irish ran [away] from them.接下來，意大利;同樣的事情-愛爾蘭然[遠離]從他們。 The Italians had Harlem when the Jews came down the gangplanks — and then the Italians left.”意大利已哈林時，猶太人來到下來gangplanks -然後意大利左“ 。

“ Today all these same immigrants’ descendants are running as hard as they can to escape the descendants of the Negroes who helped to unload the immigrant ships. “ 今天，所有這些相同的移民後裔，正在運行的努力，因為他們可以逃脫的後裔的黑人誰幫助卸下移民的船隻。 I was staggered when old-time Harlemites told me that while this immigrant musical chairs game had been going on, Negroes had been in New York since 1683, before any of [the whites] came, and had been ghettoed all over the city.”我是交錯時，舊的時間harlemites告訴我，雖然這個移民音樂椅遊戲已持續，黑人已在紐約舉行的1683年以來，之前的任何[白人]來，並已ghettoed整個城市“ 。

“They had first been in the Wall Street area; then they were pushed into Greenwich Village [south Manhattan]. “他們首次在華爾街地區，然後他們推到格林威治村[南曼哈頓] 。 The next shove was up to the Pennsylvania Station area.未來走上升到賓夕法尼亞州站區。 And then, the last stop before Harlem, the black ghetto was concentrated around 52nd Street, which is how 52nd Street got the Swing Street name and reputation that lasted long after the Negroes were gone.”然後，最後一站，之前的哈林黑人聚居區是集中在第52街，這是如何第五十二街得到了擺動街道名稱和聲譽的持續後不久，黑人被經歷“ 。

“Then, in 1910, a Negro real estate man somehow got two or three Negro families into one Jewish Harlem apartment house. “那麼，在1910年，內格羅房地產男子在某種程度上得到兩個或三個黑人家庭陷入一個猶太哈林公寓。 The Jews fled from that house, then from that block, and more Negroes came in to fill their apartments.猶太人逃離說，內務，然後從該座，和更多的黑人來，在以填補他們的公寓。 Then whole blocks of Jews ran, and still more Negroes came uptown, until in a short time, Harlem was like it is today — virtually all black.”然後整個大廈的猶太人然，還有更多的黑人來到小區，直到在很短的時間，哈林是一樣，這是今天-幾乎所有的黑人“ 。

We know it cannot be genetic. It must have been some event remembered only in the subconscious that made the European so extremely intolerant of any but the closest relatives. 我們知道，它不能遺傳，它必須有一些事件的記憶，只有在潛意識，使歐洲，所以非常不能容忍任何，但最接近的親戚。 This kind of behaviour is unknown among other ethnic communities in human history.這種行為是未知之間的其他族裔社區，在人類歷史上。

I reiterate that, in this way, the whites, especially the Germanic peoples, have brought totally unnecessary suffering upon mankind, including upon themselves. John Griffin, a self-liberated white man, once swallowed chemicals to blacken his skin in order to be able to experience firsthand how the Negro felt in the face of this white ferocity.我在此重申，這樣一來，白人，尤其是日耳曼民族，帶來了完全不必要的痛苦後，人類，包括自己。 約翰格里芬，自我解放的白人男子，一旦吞下化學品，以blacken他的皮膚，以便能夠以第一手的經驗，如何黑人認為，在面對這個白色的兇殘。

Griffin subsequently wrote a book called Black Like Me, in which he observes that whoever causes suffering to other people on the basis of such totally false assumptions as racial superiority causes an equal amount of suffering even to himself.格里芬隨後寫了一本書所謂的黑色和我一樣，在其中他指出，無論誰造成的痛苦給其他人的基礎上，例如完全錯誤的假設作為種族優越感的原因相等數額的痛苦，甚至自己。

For racism is hatred; and hatred, self-evidently, is not a peaceful mental condition to be in. Racism is mental agony, a disease more acute than any bodily ailment. 種族主義是仇恨;和仇恨，不言而喻，是不是一個和平的精神狀態，必須英寸種族主義是精神的痛苦，一種疾病更為嚴重，比任何身體疾病。 The white race in general and the Germanic peoples in particular continue with this degradation of human beings — and of themselves — at their own expense. 白種人在秘書長和日耳曼人民，特別是繼續與這種退化的人-和自己-在他們自己的犧牲。

But nowhere is this self-consciousness of racial differences as acute as in the United States.但無處這是自我意識的種族差別為急性作為在美國。 This is perplexing because America is also the country in which science has made the most profound discoveries of the indivisibility of the human species.這是令人費解，因為美國也是在哪個國家科學已取得的最深刻的發現，不可分割的人類物種。

In Origin and People of the Lake (both written with a white American called Roger Lewin), our own Richard Leakey repeatedly remarks that, although, externally, Homo sapiens is among the most raciated of all species, it is also, internally, probably the most homogeneous.在原產地和人民的湖（書面與美國白人所謂的羅傑盧因） ，我們自己的理查德leakey反复的言論，雖然，對外而言，智人是其中最raciated的所有物種，這亦是，在國內，大概是最均勻。

All evolutionary scientists I am familiar with — Dawkins, Dennett, Gould, Halacy, Morris, Sheppard, etc — affirm that raciation is good for a species because it makes it possible for it to put its survival eggs in many baskets (in case of an environmental holocaust).所有的進化科學家我所熟悉的-道金斯，丹內特，古爾德， h alacy，莫里斯，謝潑德等-申明ra ciation是好的，為一個物種，因為它使得有可能把它付諸表決，其生存的雞蛋在許多籃子（在案件一環境大屠殺） 。

This puts Barack Obama in a much better position than any “pedigree whites” or “pedigree blacks.” He is 50 per cent European and 50 per cent African. 這使得巴拉克奧巴馬在一個更美好的立場比任何“血統的白人”或 “ 血統的黑人。 ”他是50 ％ ，歐洲和百分之五十的非洲國家。 And, if he is conscious of this double heritage, he might serve America with a much keener sense of justice than any “pure Caucasian” or “pure Negro.” 和，如果他是意識到這種雙重遺產，他可能與美國更為激烈，秉行公義，比任何“純白種人”或 “ 純粹的黑人” 。

Dawkins, then, is right in a double sense. 道金斯，那麼，是正確的雙重意義。 It is the height of injustice to think of a person as “black” just because his blood is “tainted” with “black,” whereas, if “taint” is what it is, then his blood is equally tainted with “white,” in which case, he equally qualifies also as white.

The anthropologist Lionel Tiger — I learn from Dawkins — called it a “contamination metaphor.” It is perilous because it emphasises the inessential (external appearance) at the expense of the essential (the internal composition) of the individual, whatever his or her race may be.

In this way, the United States — a great country in every other way — has denied itself potentially excellent leadership for too long by putting a premium on such superficialities as race, sex and religion.

RELATED ARTICLE: From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found

About The Author: Philip Ochieng — is a Kenyan Luo , and an Editor with the Nation Media Group. Like Obama Senior, he too went to the US on the famous Tom Mboya Airlift of 1959 [ when hundreds of Kenyan students were given scholarships to American universities ]. He first met Obama Senior in Tom Mboya’s Nairobi office [ Mboya was then the secretary general of the Kenya Federation of Labour ]. Obama and Ochieng met up again on returning to Nairobi and remained drinking buddies for many years.

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