By PHILIP OCHIENG由弘ochieng

WHY IS THE WHITE MEDIA SO preoccupied with Barack Obama’s race? Is it because the young Illinois senator could become the first black person to be elected president of a predominantly white country? 为什么是白色的媒体，使忙于与巴拉克奥巴马的种族？是因为年轻的伊利诺伊州参议员可能成为首位黑人的人当选总统，一个主要以白人的国家呢？ If so, then it is a sad commentary on white psychology.如果是的话，那么这是一个可悲的评论对白色的心理。

Barack and Michelle Obama 巴拉克和Michelle奥巴马
In the 1970s, the Anglo-American media showed little or no interest when an African country elected a white man as its president.在20世纪70年代，英美媒体表明，很少或根本没有兴趣时，一个非洲国家选出了白人男子为会议主席。 To be sure, the Seychelles is as multiracial as the United States.可以肯定的是，塞舌尔是作为一个多种族，作为美国。 But make no mistake about it.但毫无疑问它。 It is a black country.这是一个黑色的国家。

Albert Rene 何俊仁雷 is a Caucasian of French extraction — the Indian Ocean archipelago having once been a French colony.是一个白人的法国萃取-印度洋群岛有一次，一个法国殖民地。 Yet his racial category did not bother the voters.但他的种族类别没有理会选民。 They chose him only because, at heart, he was more African than most members of the OAU heads of state summit.他们选择了他，只是因为在心上，他被更多的非洲比大多数成员的非统组织国家元首首脑会议。

Detractors see nothing but racism in the excitement over Obama’s blackness. The white West seems electrified that the scion of an adventurous “tribesman” from deep inside the Dark Continent may become the most powerful man in a white-dominated world. 反对者看到种族主义无关，但在兴奋超过奥巴马的黑。白纸西似乎电气化认为，接穗一个冒险的“部落”从我内心深处的黑暗大陆有可能成为最强大的男子在一个白色占主导地位的世界。

The question is: Is Obama a black man? There are, of course, two ways of answering that question — first by his attitude and then by his skin colour. 问题是：奥巴马是一个黑色的男子？有，当然，两种方式回答这个问题-首先，他的态度，然后由他的肤色。 Looking at how he habitually responds to social cues, some of his fellow black Americans are tempted to dismiss him as an Uncle Tom.在研究如何回应，他习惯性的社会线索，他的一些研究员美国黑人是诱惑，辞退他作为一个汤姆叔叔。

An 1 Uncle Tom 汤姆叔叔 is the American equivalent of our Afro-Saxons — jet-black individuals so mesmerised by white bourgeois values that they fawn shamelessly on any white person they meet. 是美国，相当于我们的非裔-撒克逊人-喷射黑色个人，所以m esmerised白资产阶级的价值观，他们就无耻地讨好任何人，他们的白色满足。

But, evidently, Obama is not an Uncle Tom. Therefore, we must say that, if he is black, it is only on the surface — that is, skin deep. 但是，很明显，奥巴马是不是一个汤姆叔叔。因此，我们必须说，如果他是黑色的，这只不过是表面上-也就是，皮肤深。 Most people do not see how strange that statement is.大多数人并不见如何奇怪的是，声明是。 By what figment of the imagination can Senator Barack Obama be called black even on the evidence of skin?由什么凭空想象可以参议员巴拉克奥巴马被称为黑色，甚至对证据的皮肤呢？

In my reading, I have met only one person struck by this absurdity.在我读，我见过只有一人击中了这个荒谬的。 Indeed, Richard Dawkins, the outspoken Oxford evolutionary biologist, is germane here because he shares something vital with Barack Obama Senior and myself: All three of us were born in Kenya many decades ago.事实上，理查德道金斯，敢言的牛津大学的进化生物学家，是有密切关系在这里，因为他的股份一些重要的与巴拉克奥巴马高级和我本人的：所有我们三人出生在肯尼亚的许多几十年前。

But although Dawkins is as white as gypsum, he knows much more than most of mankind about mankind’s “raciation.” That is why he “lights no torch” — a phrase which I borrow from him — on the scourge of racism.不过，尽管道金斯是白石膏，他知道，远远超过大部分的人类即将人类的“ raciation 。 ”这就是为什么他“灯没有火炬” -一句话，我借用他的-对种族主义祸害。 That is why it appals him that Obama is called a black man.这就是为什么它appals他说，奥巴马是所谓的黑人男子。

Of his many books, Dawkins is best known for The Selfish Gene and, more recently,他的许多书籍，道金斯是最有名的为自私的基因，以及最近 The God Delusion 上帝妄想 , a book which puts him in the same bracket as two other Kenyans — an equally controversial white evolutionary biologist called Richard Leakey and a charcoal-black man called Philip Ochieng.一本书，这使他在同一个支架作为其他两个肯尼亚人-一个同样具争议性的白色的进化生物学家所谓的理查德l eakey和木炭的黑人男子所谓弘o chieng。

I am still in the middle of “ 我仍然在中东“ A Pilrimage to the Dawn of Life: The Ancestor’s Tale 1 pilrimage到黎明的生活：祖先的故事 “ , Dawkins’s latest work. “道金斯的最新工作。 But I have reached the page where he demands to be shown the logic of a system which makes you black even when your blood is 90 per cent “Caucasian” and only 10 per cent “Negroid.”但我已达成的网页，他要求要显示的逻辑系统，使您的黑色，甚至当你的血液是百分之九十的“高加索” ，只有百分之十“ negroid ” 。

Writes Dawkins: “ People who are universally agreed by all Americans to be ‘black’ may draw less than one-eighth of their ancestry from Africa, and often have a light skin colour well within the normal range for people universally agreed to be ‘white’. ” 道金斯写道 ： “ 人谁是普遍同意由所有的美国人都被'黑' ，可以提请不少于1 -第八他们的祖先来自非洲，而且往往有一个轻型的肤色，以及内部的正常范围为人民的普遍同意将'白' “ 。

He draws the reader’s attention to a “…picture of four American politicians, two of whom are described in all newspapers as ‘black’ [and] the other two as ‘white’.” The picture is of Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, George Bush and Donald Rumsfeld.他提请读者的注意一个“ … …图片四美国的政客，其中两人是描述在所有报纸作为'黑' [和]其他两个为'白' ” 。图片是康多莉扎赖斯国务卿鲍威尔，老布什和拉姆斯菲尔德。 Dawkins asks an inevitable question:道金斯要求的必然问题：

“Wouldn’ta Martian, unschooled in our conventions but able to see skin shades, be more likely to split them three against one? “ wouldn'ta火星， unschooled在我们的公约，但可以看到皮肤色调，更有可能分裂，他们3人反对，一？ Surely, yes.” Why?当然，是“为什么呢？ Because, in the picture, Rice stands out “darkly” against the other three, not to mention that her attire (female) would also strike the Martian’s eye as oddly out of line.因为，在图片中，赖斯主张的“黑暗” ，对其他三个，更遑论她的装束（女）也将罢工火星的眼睛，作为奇怪的脱节。

Dawkins goes on: “But in our culture, almost everybody will immediately ’see’ Mr Powell as ‘black,’ even in this particular photograph, which happens to show him with possibly lighter skin than [even] Bush and Rumsfeld.” What exactly can it mean? 道金斯有云： “但在我们的文化，几乎每个人都会立即'见'鲍威尔'黑' ，甚至在这方面，特别是照片，这正好显示他可能是较轻的皮肤比[ ，甚至]布什和拉姆斯菲尔德” 。到底可以意思呢？

Many members of the American intelligentsia would boast that it is a manifestation of “pluralism.” But many others have sneered at this claim.许多委员对美国的知识分子会吹嘘，这是一个体现“多元化” ，但许多其他人嘲笑，在这件索赔。 Carl Friedrich (in The New Belief in the Common Man) agrees that “The … United States [is a] ‘teeming nation of nations’.” He asserts: “Here all the nationalities of Europe have come together…”卡尔弗里德里希（在新的信仰，共同的男子）同意“ …美国[是] '浇注民族的国家' ” 。 他断言 ： “在这里各民族的欧洲走到一起… … ”

But he hastens to point out that there is a great deal of phobia even between the white immigrants from Europe, saying that, “…while they are all Americans, it would be a great mistake to think that the different nationalities embrace each other in loving affection.”但他加速指出，是有大量的恐惧症，甚至之间的白色移民来自欧洲，说， “ … …虽然他们都是美国人，那将是一个很大的错误认为，不同国籍的拥抱对方，在爱好感情“ 。

As HL Mencken wrote long ago in his American Language, Americans have coined numerous derogatory terms for each European ethnic group — pejoratives like wops, chinks, limeys and yids.作为孟肯写了不久前他在美国语言，美国人创造了众多的贬义的条款为每个欧洲族群-拉丁文字一样， w ops， c hinks， l imeys和y ids。

In “The Evil That Men Do,” Brian Masters informs us: “In the First World War, the Germans were called Huns by the British and Boches by the French. 在 “ 邪恶的男人做的事情， ”布赖恩的主人告诉我们： “在第一次世界大战中，德国被称为匈奴由英国和博凯斯由法国。 The Vietnamese were called gooks by the [white] Americans, Jews are referred to as yids and almost any dark-skinned person is a wog to many Englishmen.在越南，被称为gooks由[白]美国人，犹太人被称为yids和几乎任何一个黑皮肤的人是一个wog许多英国人。 While it may not be acceptable, except to a sadist, to tear a peasant lady’s head off as her children watch, the feat can be accomplished with ease if she is only a gook, a wog or a yid.”虽然它可能是不能接受的，除非一sadist ，撕毁农民夫人的头，因为她的孩子观赏，这一壮举可以完成与纾缓，如果她只是一个性国， wog或一yid “ 。

THE QUESTION IS: SHOULD Americans be patted on the back for hurling these unfriendly tribal epithets at one another? 问题是：应该美国人拍拍在背部，为投掷这些不友好的部落称呼在一另？

Is this the significance of what Daniel Easterman (in New Jerusalems) and Dale Davidson and William Rees-Mogg (in The Great Reckoning) brag about as “cultural pluralism” or John Naisbitt (in Megatrends) as “multiculturalism”?这是什么样的意义丹尼尔伊斯特曼（在新jerusalems ）和戴尔戴维森和威廉里斯-莫格（在伟大的推算）吹嘘为“文化多元主义”或约翰奈斯比（在大趋势）为“多元文化主义”呢？

In The Closing of the American Mind, Allan Bloom avers that “… anybody can become an American in an instant…” But Friedrich points out that America’s social groups, even ethnic whites, have to think twice whether they really belong fully.在结束美国的心目中，黄子华申明“ … …任何人都可以成为美国在瞬间… … ”不过，弗里德里希指出，美国的社会群体，甚至族裔的白人，都必须三思，他们是否真正属于充分。

If this were not so, America’s mega-cities would long ago have amalgamated their “Chinatowns,” “Polack towns” and the “spa-ghetto” in which New York City’s ethnic Italians languish.如果不是这样的话，美国的大城市早就合并他们的“唐人街” ， “ polack城镇”和“水疗中心-犹太人区” ，其中纽约市的民族意大利languish 。

They would also have banished from their vocabulary the word Wasp (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant), given its connotation of superiority over all other white groups and racial minorities.他们也会有被流放从他们的词汇一词黄蜂（白盎格鲁撒克逊新教徒） ，由于其内涵的优势，超过所有其他的白色团体和少数种族。 Even Naisbitt recognises that the American “melting pot” of races and white ethnic groups is a myth.甚至奈思比承认，美国的“大熔炉”的种族和白人族群是一个神话。

For him, there exists something much better than a melting pot — cultural pluralism. Writes Naisbitt: “We have moved from the myth of the melting pot to a celebration of cultural diversity.对他来说，存在着一些明显优于熔炉-多元文化。写道：奈斯比说： “我们已经从神话的熔炉，以庆祝文化的多样性。

“It is a far cry from the way the Americans handled ethnicity in the past. “这是一个很大的距离的方式处理族裔的美国人在过去的。 We seemed to put new immigrants through a metaphorical blender until they came out [as] homogenised Americans, with little remaining of their former heritage.” So what has replaced the melting pot?我们似乎把新移民通过一个隐喻搅拌器，直到他们出来[ ] homogenised美国人，几乎没有剩余的他们的前遗产“ 。那么，取代了大熔炉呢？

His reply: “One key factor behind the increasing acceptance of ethnic diversity has been the rapid growth of two minorities in particular: Spanish-speaking Americans, who [in the mid-1980s] officially number l5 million … or about 6.4 per cent of the population, and Asian Americans, about 3.5 million or about l.5 per cent of the US population.” 他的答复： “一个关键因素背后的日益接受种族多样性一直快速增长的两个少数族裔，尤其是：讲西班牙语的美国人，谁[在八十年代中期]正式的人数15万人… …或约6.4 ％的人口和亚裔美国人，约在350万左右，或约l.5 ％的美国人口“ 。

“With three sizeable minorities now in the nation — the largest being the blacks, with 26 million or about one-tenth of the US population — the either/or world where Americans were either black or white is over for ever. “三个庞大的少数群体，现在在全国的-最大的黑人，与2 6000000或约了其中的十分之一，美国的人口-要么/或世界里，美国人无论是黑或白是永远。 That was a world structured to encourage uniformity rather than diversity.”这是一个世界的结构，以鼓励均匀性，而非多样性“ 。

“Blacks, as the only recognised ethnic group, encountered racial and ethnic prejudice; whites, who were themselves ethnically diverse, tried to emulate (subconsciously perhaps) the Wasp ideal. “黑人，作为唯一认可的族群，所遇到的种族和族裔偏见;白人，谁被自己的种族多样化，试图学习（潜意识也许）黄蜂理想。 With more racial and ethnic groups now (think of Asian Orientals and Latins, who are black, white and brown), uniformity is impossible…”与更多的种族和族裔群体，现在（认为亚洲东方人和拉丁美洲，谁是黑，白及啡色） ，统一是不可能的… … “

“And white Americans are identifying with their own ethnic roots to join the new game of diversity. “和白人现正物色与自己的民族根源加入新游戏的多样性。 Even major ethnic groups are diverse.即使是主要族裔群体是多种多样的。 Latins are Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Guatemalan, San Salvadorean, Columbian, and from a variety of Central and Southern American countries.”拉丁美洲是墨西哥，波多黎各，古巴，危地马拉，新萨尔瓦多，哥伦比亚，和来自不同的中部和南部美洲国家“ 。

Note this. By “Asians,” Americans mean Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Laotian, Indonesian and other Mongoloid immigrants. 注意：此。由“亚洲人” ，美国人的意思，中国，菲律宾语，日语，韩语，越南，老挝，印尼和其他蒙古入境者。 The word Asian has nothing to do with the British or East African “Asians” of subcontinental origin.这个词在亚洲完全没有与英国或东非的“亚洲人”次大陆的起源。

So, in Naisbitt’s account black Americans are just another “ethnic group” — indeed, even as “the only group recognisable as ethnic.” Why? 因此，在奈思比的帐户美国黑人只不过是另一个“族群” -事实上，即使作为“唯一的组辨认作为民族” ，为什么呢？ Is it because they are recognisable by a common colour, their blackness? 是不是因为他们是辨认一个共同的肤色，他们的黑呢？

But why can’t anybody else be seen as ethnic through his white skin?但为什么不能任何人都被看作是民族通过他的白皮肤呢？ The truth is the opposite.事实是相反。 Blacks are the only non-ethnic community of non-natives in the entire North American landscape. They are the only genuine nation in the United States.黑人是唯一的非华裔社区的非本地人，在整个北美景观， 他们是唯一真正的民族在美国。

For they are composed of all African (and, given Barack Obama and others of mixed race, even all European and Native American) ethnicities so well blended together that their various ethnic peculiarities (such as Africa’s Bantu, Hamite, Nilote, Bushmanoid or Luo, Wolof and Kongo) have long disappeared.因为他们是组成所有非洲（和，鉴于巴拉克奥巴马和其他混合种族，甚至所有欧洲和美洲原住民） ，使种族以及混合在一起，他们的各民族的特殊性（如非洲的班图人，含米特人， nilote ， bushmanoid或罗，沃洛夫语和刚果文）早已消失了。

Slave conditions (and this may have been a blessing) forced them to unite under a single yoke, discarding their narrow original African (and European) costumes. 奴隶的条件（这可能已被福） ，迫使他们团结下，一个单一的枷锁，抛弃狭隘的原始非洲（和欧洲）服装。

Moreover, Naisbitt’s advocacy of racial and ethnic diversity in conditions of economic and intellectual injustice that themselves follow racial and ethnic lines is clearly amoral.此外，奈斯比的倡导种族和族裔多样性的条件下，经济和智力的不公正自己后续的种族和族裔线，显然是不道德的。 It is not based on each group’s natural right to existence but merely on the fact that their presence in America is unavoidable.这是不是基于每个组的自然生存权利，而只是对事实，即他们的存在在美国是不可避免的。

He seems to say: “History has dumped us all here and since — because of our chauvinism and economic greed— we are unable to unite as races, let us celebrate our racial and ethnic diversity. 他似乎是说： “历史已经倾倒，我们所有在这里和自-因为我们的沙文主义和经济的贪婪-我们无法团结的赛事，让我们庆祝我们的种族和族裔多样性。 Let us not worry about our material differences (even though they are based on these very racial differences).”让我们不用担心我们的物质差异（即使他们是基于这些非常种族差别） “ 。

Naisbitt seems to say: “All the races and tribes of America are here to stay whether you like it or not. 奈思比似乎是说： “所有种族和部落的美利坚合众国在这里留下您是否喜欢与否，它。 You gain exactly nothing — and even injure your own selves — by making so much noise about it and burning one another’s houses and churches.” Bully for him.您可以获得完全无关-甚至伤害自己的守土有责-作出了这么多关于它的噪音和燃烧彼此的房屋和教堂“。欺负他。

But it poses a good question for Americans that, if its ruling classes were longer-sighted, the country would have asked itself long ago to save its citizens and other members of the human family the unnecessary suffering that white racism has inflicted on other races as well as on the whites themselves for so many centuries.但它构成了一个很好的问题对美国人来说，如果其统治阶层的人更长的眼光，该国将要求本身早就以节省其公民和其他成员的人类大家庭的不必要的痛苦，白色的种族主义造成了对其他种族作为以及对白人自己这么多世纪。

Yet, by neatly avoiding the fact that self-interest underlies these tragedies, Naisbitt is able to make the simplistic claim that the American people are consciously making the choice against the “melting pot” and that the “game” now is “cultural pluralism.”然而，由整齐避免的事实，自我利益之下，这些悲剧，奈斯比，是能够作出简单的声称，美国人民都自觉地作出选择，对“大熔炉” ， “游戏” ，现在是“文化多元主义。 “

The fact, however, is that this trend is a result of Wasp chauvinism rather than of any choice freely and consciously made by “Americans.” It does not result from any realisation that such pluralism is better than a melting pot.事实上，然而，这种趋势是由于黄蜂沙文主义，而非任何的选择自由和自觉地发了言： “美国人”不会造成任何的变现，这种多元化是不如大熔炉。 One hopes, moreover, that Naisbitt is confining his statement to the US because others have made diametrically opposite claims about Europe.一的希望，此外，奈斯比是局限于他的发言向美国因为别人取得了截然相反的索赔约欧洲。

But if Naisbitt is right to say that there is no such thing as a blend or a melting pot as far as the ethnic spirit goes, surely Allan Bloom, the respected Chicago educator, is also right.但如果奈思比是正确的说是没有这种东西，作为一个配方或熔炉据民族精神去，一定署长开花，尊敬的芝加哥，教育家，也是正确的。 Fundamentally, all these European ethnic groups and other immigrants have, over a protracted period of time, become homogenised.从根本上说，所有这些欧洲族裔团体及其他移民，超过一个长期的时间内，成为homogenised 。

Yet this is correct only up to a point.然而，这是正确的，只有到一个点。 Only in the liberal ideology of individualism — only in greed, in the go-getting spirit, only in the ferocity with which that quest is pursued — is it possible to become an American overnight — not in terms of essence, not in terms of ethnicity and race.只有在自由的思想，个人主义-只有在贪婪中，在去获得的精神，只有在残酷与该追求，是追求-是否有可能成为美国在一夜之间-而不是条款的本质，而不是在条款种族和种族。

Bloom states that any immigrant can become an American the minute he or she lands on the Atlantic shores of that country.布鲁姆认为，任何国家的移民可以成为美国的一分钟，他或她土地上大西洋两岸的国家。 In other words, there is nothing easier than to become an American.在其他的话，没有什么比更容易成为一个美国人。 But there is a racial element even in this.但有一个种族的元素，甚至在这方面。 Bloom’s assertion is correct only to the extent that it refers to white individuals.盛开的论断是正确的范围仅限于它是指白色的个人。

IT IS OF THEM THAT HISTORIAN Maldwyn Allen Jones speaks. In Made in America, Bill Bryson quotes him as saying: “Culturally estranged from their parents by their American education, and wanting nothing so much as to become and to be accepted as Americans, many second-generation immigrants made deliberate efforts to rid themselves of their [ethnic] heritage.这是他们说，历史学家maldwyn李鹏飞琼斯发表讲话。在取得在美国，条例草案布赖森寻获他的话说： “文化隔阂，从他们的父母，由他们的美国教育，希望没有这么多，以成为和被接纳为美国人，许多第二代移民所作的努力，刻意摆脱他们的[民族]遗产。

“The adoption of American clothes, speech and interests, often accompanied by the shedding of an exotic surname, were all part of a process whereby antecedents were repudiated as a means of improving status.” “通过美国的衣服，讲话和利益，往往伴随着人们的异国情调的姓，都是一个进程的一部分，即前因被推翻作为一种手段，提高地位” 。

Bryson reports that it was an immigrant from Western Europe who coined the phrase melting pot to describe this phenomenon of overnight Americanisation of what a detractor called “the dregs of Europe.”布赖森报告说，它是一个移民来自西欧谁创造了这句话的熔炉来形容这种现象的通宵americanisation什么detractor所谓的“糟粕的欧洲” 。

“By the turn of the [19th] century,” Bryson writes, New York had become easily the most cosmopolitan city the world had ever seen. “之交[ 19 ]世纪， ”布赖森写，纽约已成为最容易的国际大都会，世界上一些人们从未见过的。 Eighty per cent of its five million inhabitants were either foreign-born or the children of immigrants. 80 ％ ，其五百万居民都是在外国出生的，或移民的子女。

“It had more Italians than the combined populations of Florence, Genoa and Venice, more Irish than anywhere but Dublin, more Russians than Kiev. “它有更多的意大利比相结合的人口佛罗伦萨，热那亚和威尼斯，更多的爱尔兰比在任何地方，但都柏林，更多的俄罗斯人比基辅。 As Herman Melville put it: ‘ We are not so much a nation as a world. ‘”作为赫尔曼梅尔维尔把它： ' 我们不是那么多，一个民族作为一个世界 “ 。

But, reports Bryson, it was a British Zionist called Israel Zangwill who, in 1908, wrote a play depicting this immigration avalanche.不过，报告布赖森，这是一个英国的犹太复国主义的所谓以色列冉威尔谁，于1908年，写了一本描绘发挥人民入境事务雪崩。 He called it The Melting Pot and thus gave the Americans and the rest of the English-speaking world an unforgettably expressive term.他呼吁它的熔炉，从而给美国人和其余的以英语为母语的世界是一个难忘的表现。

THE QUESTION, HOWEVER, IS: has America ever really been a melting pot? 但问题是，是：美国以往任何时候都真的是一个大熔炉呢？ How deep was this Americanisation of Europeans?有多深，这americanisation的欧洲人呢？ When the Europeans left their ethnic settings to settle in America, they were quick to learn American ways — but only what it took to be accepted as Americans by mainstream Americans.当欧洲人离开他们的种族设置，以解决在美国，他们快速了解美国的方式-但只有它了被接纳为美国人的主流美国人。

And we learn that what it took to do that was extremely superficial.和我们知道它是什么了这样做是非常肤浅的。 Here is Bryson: “Once across the ocean, the immigrants tended naturally to congregate in enclaves.这里是布赖森说： “一旦跨越海洋，移民，自然倾向于聚集在飞地。 Almost all migrants from Norway between 1815 and 1860 settled in just four states, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois.几乎所有的移民来自挪威之间的1815年和1860年定居在短短的4个国家，威斯康星州，明尼苏达州，爱荷华州和伊利诺州。

“In much the same way, two-thirds of the Dutch were to be found in Michigan, New York, Wisconsin and Iowa… In the first half of the 19th century, several German societies were formed with the express intention of… concentrating immigration in a particular area [so] that they could take it over. “在很多相同的方式，三分之二的荷兰被发现在密歇根州，纽约，威斯康星州和爱荷华州… …在第一次19世纪下半叶，几位德国社会的形成与表达的意图…集中在入境事务处某一特定地区的[ ] ，他们可以接管它。

“One German spoke for many when he dreamed of Pennsylvania becoming ‘an entirely German state where… the beautiful German language would be used in the legislative halls of the courts of justice’…” “一个德语发言时，许多他的梦想是宾夕法尼亚州成为'一个完全德语所在国的…美丽的德语语言将被用于在立法会大厅的法院司法' … … ”

We learn that “Pennsylvanian Dutch” nearly became the official language of that state, a language so called by corrupting Deutsch, the German word for “German.”我们知道“ pennsylvanian荷兰语”几乎成为官方语言的国家，语言，所谓由腐蚀软体，德国的字为“德国” 。

This was the beginning of the white ghetto system in America, and the increasingly rapid stream of immigrants from Eastern and Mediterranean Europe soon revealed the age-old arrogance of people of Northern European origin.这是年初白皮书聚居区系统在美国，和越来越快流的移民来自东欧和地中海欧洲尽快揭示了历史悠久的嚣张气焰，人民的北部欧洲血统。

This Nordic conceit was not native to America.这个北欧自负并非美国本土。 It was imported from Europe.这是从欧洲进口。 In Africans and Their History, Joseph Harris, a black American historian, describes the attitude of one 19th-century European exponent of it: “Some critics have observed that Joseph de Gobineau’s Essai sur l’Inegalite (’Essay on Inequality’) was the most directly influential publication on racism in the 19th century.在非洲人和他们的历史，约瑟夫哈里斯，一个黑色的美国历史学家，描述的态度，一个十九世纪的欧洲指数，它说： “有评论家指出，约瑟夫德戈宾诺的essai sur l' inegalite （ '征文就不平等' ）是最直接影响力的出版对种族主义在十九世纪。

“Gobineau, a Frenchman, extolled the racial purity of the Nordics and explained that as the Franks [Nordics] mixed with Gallic [Celtic] stocks, the former became weaker and more decadent, which eventually led to their overthrow by commoner elements, the leaders of the French Revolution.” “戈宾诺，法国人，颂扬种族的纯洁性，北欧，并解释说，由于法兰克斯[北欧]混合与没食子[凯尔特]股票，前者成为较弱，更腐朽，最终导致了他们推翻所形成的要素，领导人对法国大革命“ 。

According to Gobineau, then, France’s alliance of aristocrats and priests ruled France by dint of their Teutonic (Frankish) blood.据戈宾诺，那么，法国的联盟贵族和神职人员排除法国凭借其teutonic （法兰克）的血液。 To disturb this arrangement — through the demand for justice that culminated in the great bourgeois revolution of 1789 — could only be the work of the “lower blood” Celto-Latin admixture extant in the French nation.扰乱这样的安排-通过司法的需求，最终在伟大的资产阶级革命的1 789年-只可“的工作还有降低血压的” c e lto-拉丁美洲外加剂现存在法语区国家。

Harris reports: In his book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, Houston S. Chamberlain, an Englishman who later became a German citizen, expanded on Gobineau’s ideas. 哈里斯报告：在他的著作的基础十九世纪，美国休斯顿张伯伦，一个英国人谁后来成为德国公民，扩大了对戈宾诺的想法。 Chamberlain attempted to show that almost everything worthwhile in history [was] accomplished by Nordics.张伯伦，企图表明，几乎一切都值得在历史上[是]完成了由北欧。

“He combined ideas on the evolutionary struggle with the will for power and presented a doctrine of the master race similar to that later adopted by Hitler.” Both Gobineau and Chamberlain were writing at a time when immigration into the United States from Southern and Eastern Europe and the Balkans had become a flood. “他结合思想对进化斗争的意志，权力和提交了一份学说的主种族相似，后来通过的希特勒”两戈宾诺和张伯伦分别以书面形式在的时候，移民到美国，从南部和东部欧洲和巴尔干地区已成为防洪。

According to Bill Bryson, “In 1907, to give vent to the growing concerns that America was being swept to oblivion by a tide of rabble [from Eastern Europe], Congress established a panel called the Dillingham Commission.”根据条例草案布赖森， “在1907年，以发泄日益关注，美国正在席卷遗忘由一个潮流乌合之众[来自东欧] ，国会成立了一个小组，称为狄林汉姆委员会” 。

Its 42-volume report concluded essentially that immigration before 1880 had been no bad thing — the immigrants, primarily from Northern Europe, were (by implication) industrious, decent, trustworthy and largely Protestant, and as a result had assimilated well.它的42卷本报告的结论，主要的入境之前， 1880年已没有一件坏事-移民，主要来自北部欧洲，分别为： （暗示）勤劳的，体面的，值得信赖，主要是新教徒，因此已被同化。

“But immigration after 1880 had been marked by the entry into America of uneducated, unsophisticated, largely shiftless and certainly non-Protestant masses from Southern and Eastern Europe. “但入境后， 1880年已明显由进入美国的没有受过教育，落后，主要是shiftless ，当然非基督教的群众来自南欧和东欧。 It maintained that the [immigrant] Germans and Scandinavians had bought farms and become productive members of American society, while the second merely soaked up charity and acted as a [drain] on industrial earnings.”它坚持认为， [移民]德国和斯堪的纳维亚买了农场，并成为有生产力的成员的美国社会，而第二只湿透了慈善机构，并担任一[流失]对工业的收入“ 。

It was the same Teutonic conceit that the world has since become familiar with. 这是相同的teutonic自负说，世界已经成为熟悉。

And yet when a black man, Andrew Young pointed this out (when he was Jimmy Carter’s ambassador to the United Nations), there was great uproar from Wasps in America and Europe.然而，当一个黑人男子，年轻的郑家富指出了这一点（当他被卡特的驻联合国大使） ，有很大哗然，从蜂在美洲和欧洲。

An otherwise intelligent white writer makes this fatuous claim about the British, especially the English: “Although they often behaved tyrannically in their empire, the British are not by inclination a tyrannical people.” No statement can be more meaningless. 1 ，否则智能白色的作家，使这fatuous索赔约，英国，特别是英语： “虽然他们往往表现tyrannically在其帝国，英国是不是由倾角一暴虐的人。 ”没有声明，可以更毫无意义。

No race, nation or tribe is ever tyrannical or chauvinistic “by inclination,” that is to say, genetically.没有种族，民族或部落，是以往任何时候都暴虐或沙文主义“的倾向， ”这就是说，基因。 The British Empire was tyrannical in whatever way you look at it.大英帝国是在暴虐的方式，无论你看看它。 But “inclination” had nothing to do with it.但“倾向”无关，用它做。 It is not the British people who are to blame — although all classes of British society were seduced into racism by the propaganda of the upper classes.这不是英国人民是谁的责任-虽然所有类别的英国社会被引诱到种族主义宣传的上层阶级。

It was the economic interests of these classes that come into play.这是经济利益，这些类别来发挥作用。 Such interests are what propel all empire-builders.这种利益是什么推进所有帝国的建设者。 Tyranny and empire-building are attributes of civilisation, culture and opportunity.暴政和帝国的建设是属性的文明，文化和机会。

Moreover, it is a class question: Lower-class members of the same race, nation or tribe will equally suffer from it under the illusion that they are actually beneficiaries — as Kenya’s own elite Gema grouping seduced the Kikuyu, Embu and Meru masses into believing that their interests are identical even as their Kamatusa counterparts were doing the same to the Kalenjin, Maasai and Turkana masses. 此外，它是一类问题：低下阶层的成员相同的种族，民族或部落，将同样受到它根据错觉，以为他们其实是受益者-肯尼亚作为自己的精英g ema分组引诱了吉库尤，恩布和梅鲁群众以为他们的利益是一致的，甚至作为他们的kamatusa对应做同样的向kalenjin ，马赛和图尔卡纳群众。

Tyranny over other nations can assume national proportions only to the extent that the ruling class of one race can turn a whole nation of a different race into a class targeted for exploitation.暴政超过其他国家可以承担的国家的比例只有在以下范围内的统治阶级，一个种族可以把整个民族的不同的种族成为一个一流的有针对性的开发。 Racism becomes a national thought-habit only to the extent that the lower classes are deeply swayed by the prejudices, trappings, ideas and practices of the ruling classes within the same nation and race.种族主义成为一个国家，发人深省的习惯，只有在以下范围内，低下阶层深感所左右的偏见，服饰，想法和做法，统治阶级内部的同一民族和种族。

Only bourgeois Britain — and not the British in general — colonised and tyrannised, for example, Kenya, though, of course, British propagandists gave the British working class the illusion that they were also beneficiaries. 只有资产阶级英国-而不是英国在一般-殖民地和t y rannised，例如，肯尼亚，虽然，当然，英国宣传员了英国工人阶级错觉，以为他们还受益者。

Ali Mazrui writes somewhere, “It is worth distinguishing between Germanic whites … on one side, and Latin whites … on the other. 阿里mazrui某处写道， “这是值得区分日耳曼白人…一方面，和拉丁美洲的白人…对其他。 Germanic cultures encompass not only the Germans but also the Anglo-Saxons (British and mainstream United States) and the Dutch.”日耳曼文化的涵盖不只是德国人，但也是盎格鲁-撒克逊人（英国的主流和美国）和荷兰“ 。

“Latin culture embraces not only Italians but also the traditions of Spain, Portugal and France… On the balance, Germanic cultures have been more obsessed with separation of the races than have Latin cultures.” “拉丁美洲文化，不仅包含了意大利，而且传统的西班牙，葡萄牙和法国…就平衡，日耳曼文化已被更多的痴迷与分离的赛事比拉丁美洲的文化” 。

“It may not be an accident that the most elaborate cases of segregation, and the most fanatical forms of racism in the 20th century, have been perpetrated by Germans (Nazism), Afrikaners (apartheid), Americans (the Jim Crow culture of lynching) and the British (with their segregated empire). “这可能不是一个意外的最详细的个案隔离，和最狂热的各种形式的种族主义，在20世纪，已经犯下的德国人（纳粹主义） ， afrikaners （种族隔离） ，美国人（吉姆克劳文化私刑）和英国（与他们隔离帝国） 。 All these racist traditions are culturally Germanic .” 所有这些种族主义的传统文化日耳曼 “ 。

“Of course, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Italians and the French have had their own versions of racism. “当然，西班牙，葡萄牙，意大利和法国有自己版本的种族主义。 But their brand of ethnocentrism has been less segregationist, less obsessed with the social and sexual separation of races.但其品牌的种族优越感已不足隔离，少痴迷与社会和性分离的比赛。 Latin whites have intermarried more readily with non-whites and mixed socially with other races with greater ease than have Germanic whites.”拉丁美洲白人有intermarried更容易与非白人和混合社会与其他种族更容易比有日耳曼白人“ 。

By separating “the Germans” from “the Anglo-Saxons,” Mazrui forgets that the Angles originated from Germany’s Schleswig-Holstein and the Saxons from Germany’s Nieder Sachsen (Lower Saxony).由分离“的德国人”从“盎格鲁-撒克逊人” ， mazrui忘记的角度，源自德国的石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因和撒克逊人来自德国的nieder萨克森州（下萨克森州） 。

Among the Germanic peoples, Mazrui does not mention the Danes, Norwegians, Swedes and Icelanders (and a part of the Swiss), probably because the Scandinavians, being shielded from contact both with Mediterranean whites and with blacks and other races, have never shown very intense racist attitudes.之间的日耳曼民族， mazrui没有提到丹麦，挪威，瑞典和冰岛（和部分瑞士） ，可能是因为斯堪的纳维亚，被遮蔽的接触，都与地中海白人与黑人和其他种族，从来没有表现出很激烈的种族主义态度。

Nor does the professor mention the other great European culturo-linguistic groups, such as the Celts (Irish, Welsh, Scots and the Bretons of France), the Slavs (Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Czechs, Serbs, Croats, etc.) He is also silent on the Basque, Suomi (Finns) and Magyar (Hungarians), who, linguistically at least, are not Europeans.也没有教授提到的其他伟大的欧洲culturo语言群体，如凯尔特人（爱尔兰，威尔士，苏格兰和布雷顿斯法国） ，斯拉夫人（俄罗斯人，波兰人，乌克兰，捷克，塞尔维亚人，克罗地亚等） ，他亦是保持沉默，巴斯克， suomi （芬兰人）和马札尔（匈牙利） ，谁，至少在语言上，都没有欧洲人。

But he is right on two scores. 但他是正确的两个分数。 Racism is a cultural phenomenon, not a genetic one. The apparent reason that white racism has been more intense among the Germanic peoples than among the Latins — despite what I have just said about the Scandinavians — is that the Latins have been contiguous with the blacks and browns for millennia. 种族主义是一种文化现象，而不是一个遗传1 。明显的理由认为，白皮书的种族主义已经越来越激烈，其中日耳曼民族的比之间的拉丁美洲-尽管我刚才所说的关于斯堪的纳维亚-是因为拉丁美洲已连续与黑人和褐几千年。

Once upon a time, they even looked to black peoples — like the Danaans of Greece, the Copts of Egypt, the pre-Arab Libyans, the Moors of Mauritania and Spain and other “Ethiopians” — for intellectual, scientific and religious inspiration and guidance.黄飞鸿的时间，他们甚至期望黑色人民-像d anaans的希腊，埃及的科普特人，前阿拉伯利比亚人，摩尔人的毛里塔尼亚和西班牙和其他“埃塞俄比亚人” -知识，科学和宗教的启示和指导。

The Germanic peoples, on the other hand, have met with these brands of humanity only relatively recently, namely after the Germanics had taken over world leadership in technological and intellectual matters.日耳曼民族，在另一方面，曾与这些品牌的人类，只有相对最近，即后germanics接管了世界的领导，技术和智力的事宜。

NEVERTHELESS, THE ASSUMPTION by David Lamb (in The Africans) that racist attitudes belong only to the uneducated lower classes of whites, is wrong. Racism, as we have seen in America, is more an economic expression than a question of skin colour. 不过，假设由David羔羊 （在非洲）表示，种族主义态度属于只向未受过教育的低下阶层的白人，是错误的。 种族主义，正如我们所看到的在美国，更是一个经济的表达比的问题肤色。

Moreover, it should be patent that only the upper classes of the Germanic race — as opposed to the lower classes — had the opportunity to travel overseas to meet other races and form opinions about them, including racist opinions.此外，应该专利，只有上层阶级的日耳曼种族-作为反对低下阶层-有机会前往外地旅游，以满足其他种族和形式的意见，其中包括种族主义的意见。 Anybody familiar with the intellectual history of Europe will see that racism was not propagated by the lower classes — who, at any rate, had no access to the media.任何人熟悉的智力欧洲历史上都会看到，种族主义是不会宣传的低下阶层-谁，在任何率，没有接触媒体。

The greatest apostles of racism include such highly educated intellectuals as Luis Agassiz, Cyril Burt, Havelock Ellis, GWF Hegel, Richard Herrnstein, David Hume, Arthur Jensen, Cesare Lombroso, J. Murray, Albert Schweitzer, Joseph Seligman, Hugh Trevor-Roper and HG Wells.最大的使徒的种族主义，包括高学历的知识分子，作为路易斯agassiz ，西里尔伯特，哈夫洛克埃利斯， gwf黑格尔，理查德赫恩斯坦，大卫休谟，阿瑟詹森，凯萨勃罗梭女士，美利，史怀哲，约瑟夫塞利格曼，休（ Trevor - roper和汞的水井。

But in this way the Germanic peoples — especially the Germans, Dutch, English and Yankee — have brought onto the world (and onto their own selves) a great deal of completely unnecessary suffering, bloodshed and death. 但在这样日耳曼人民-尤其是德国，荷兰文，英文和扬基-带来了世界上（和上自己的守土有责）了大量的完全不必要的痛苦，流血和死亡。

It is through their colonies — intra-European as well as overseas — that the white dregs and other racial groups were taught to look down upon one another in a descending order and prevented from tackling the main problem.它是通过其殖民地-内部欧洲以及海外-即白渣和其他种族群体的教授看不起之一，另一个在一个递减顺序排列，并阻止解决的主要问题。

In his Autobiography, Malcolm X has a fascinating report on this graduated intra-white stupidity: “[New York City's Harlem] hadn’t always been a community of Negroes.在他的自传， 马尔科姆X具有迷人的报告，关于这个毕业于内部白色的愚蠢： “ [新纽约市的哈林]没有，一直是社区的黑人。 It had first been a Dutch settlement, I learned.它首先被一名荷兰的解决，我的经验教训。

“ Then began the massive waves of poor and half-starved and ragged immigrants from Europe, arriving with everything they owned in the world in bags and sacks on their backs. “ 然后开始了大规模的浪潮穷人和半饥饿和破烂的移民来自欧洲，抵达与他们拥有的一切，在世界上袋子对他们的支持。 The Germans came first [to Harlem]; the Dutch edged away for them, and Harlem became all-German.”德国人来到第一[哈林] ;荷兰语微升远离他们，哈林成为所有-德语“ 。

“ Then came the Irish, running from the potato famine [in Ireland]. The Germans ran, looking down their noses at the Irish, who took over Harlem. “ 后来，爱尔兰，运行从马铃薯饥荒[在爱尔兰] 。德国然，往下看他们的鼻子，在爱尔兰，谁接手的哈林。 Next, the Italians; same thing — the Irish ran [away] from them.接下来，意大利;同样的事情-爱尔兰然[远离]从他们。 The Italians had Harlem when the Jews came down the gangplanks — and then the Italians left.”意大利已哈林时，犹太人来到下来gangplanks -然后意大利左“ 。

“ Today all these same immigrants’ descendants are running as hard as they can to escape the descendants of the Negroes who helped to unload the immigrant ships. “ 今天，所有这些相同的移民后裔，正在运行的努力，因为他们可以逃脱的后裔的黑人谁帮助卸下移民的船只。 I was staggered when old-time Harlemites told me that while this immigrant musical chairs game had been going on, Negroes had been in New York since 1683, before any of [the whites] came, and had been ghettoed all over the city.”我是交错时，旧的时间harlemites告诉我，虽然这个移民音乐椅游戏已持续，黑人已在纽约举行的1683年以来，之前的任何[白人]来，并已ghettoed整个城市“ 。

“They had first been in the Wall Street area; then they were pushed into Greenwich Village [south Manhattan]. “他们首次在华尔街地区，然后他们推到格林威治村[南曼哈顿] 。 The next shove was up to the Pennsylvania Station area.未来走上升到宾夕法尼亚州站区。 And then, the last stop before Harlem, the black ghetto was concentrated around 52nd Street, which is how 52nd Street got the Swing Street name and reputation that lasted long after the Negroes were gone.”然后，最后一站，之前的哈林黑人聚居区是集中在第52街，这是如何第五十二街得到了摆动街道名称和声誉的持续后不久，黑人被经历“ 。

“Then, in 1910, a Negro real estate man somehow got two or three Negro families into one Jewish Harlem apartment house. “那么，在1910年，内格罗房地产男子在某种程度上得到两个或三个黑人家庭陷入一个犹太哈林公寓。 The Jews fled from that house, then from that block, and more Negroes came in to fill their apartments.犹太人逃离说，内务，然后从该座，和更多的黑人来，在以填补他们的公寓。 Then whole blocks of Jews ran, and still more Negroes came uptown, until in a short time, Harlem was like it is today — virtually all black.”然后整个大厦的犹太人然，还有更多的黑人来到小区，直到在很短的时间，哈林是一样，这是今天-几乎所有的黑人“ 。

We know it cannot be genetic. It must have been some event remembered only in the subconscious that made the European so extremely intolerant of any but the closest relatives. 我们知道，它不能遗传，它必须有一些事件的记忆，只有在潜意识，使欧洲，所以非常不能容忍任何，但最接近的亲戚。 This kind of behaviour is unknown among other ethnic communities in human history.这种行为是未知之间的其他族裔社区，在人类历史上。

I reiterate that, in this way, the whites, especially the Germanic peoples, have brought totally unnecessary suffering upon mankind, including upon themselves. John Griffin, a self-liberated white man, once swallowed chemicals to blacken his skin in order to be able to experience firsthand how the Negro felt in the face of this white ferocity.我在此重申，这样一来，白人，尤其是日耳曼民族，带来了完全不必要的痛苦后，人类，包括自己。 约翰格里芬，自我解放的白人男子，一旦吞下化学品，以blacken他的皮肤，以便能够以第一手的经验，如何黑人认为，在面对这个白色的凶残。

Griffin subsequently wrote a book called Black Like Me, in which he observes that whoever causes suffering to other people on the basis of such totally false assumptions as racial superiority causes an equal amount of suffering even to himself.格里芬随后写了一本书所谓的黑色和我一样，在其中他指出，无论谁造成的痛苦给其他人的基础上，例如完全错误的假设作为种族优越感的原因相等数额的痛苦，甚至自己。

For racism is hatred; and hatred, self-evidently, is not a peaceful mental condition to be in. Racism is mental agony, a disease more acute than any bodily ailment. 种族主义是仇恨;和仇恨，不言而喻，是不是一个和平的精神状态，必须英寸种族主义是精神的痛苦，一种疾病更为严重，比任何身体疾病。 The white race in general and the Germanic peoples in particular continue with this degradation of human beings — and of themselves — at their own expense. 白种人在秘书长和日耳曼人民，特别是继续与这种退化的人-和自己-在他们自己的牺牲。

But nowhere is this self-consciousness of racial differences as acute as in the United States.但无处这是自我意识的种族差别为急性作为在美国。 This is perplexing because America is also the country in which science has made the most profound discoveries of the indivisibility of the human species.这是令人费解，因为美国也是在哪个国家科学已取得的最深刻的发现，不可分割的人类物种。

In Origin and People of the Lake (both written with a white American called Roger Lewin), our own Richard Leakey repeatedly remarks that, although, externally, Homo sapiens is among the most raciated of all species, it is also, internally, probably the most homogeneous.在原产地和人民的湖（书面与美国白人所谓的罗杰卢因） ，我们自己的理查德leakey反复的言论，虽然，对外而言，智人是其中最raciated的所有物种，这亦是，在国内，大概是最均匀。

All evolutionary scientists I am familiar with — Dawkins, Dennett, Gould, Halacy, Morris, Sheppard, etc — affirm that raciation is good for a species because it makes it possible for it to put its survival eggs in many baskets (in case of an environmental holocaust).所有的进化科学家我所熟悉的-道金斯，丹内特，古尔德， h alacy，莫里斯，谢泼德等-申明ra ciation是好的，为一个物种，因为它使得有可能把它付诸表决，其生存的鸡蛋在许多篮子（在案件一环境大屠杀） 。

This puts Barack Obama in a much better position than any “pedigree whites” or “pedigree blacks.” He is 50 per cent European and 50 per cent African. 这使得巴拉克奥巴马在一个更美好的立场比任何“血统的白人”或 “ 血统的黑人。 ”他是50 ％ ，欧洲和百分之五十的非洲国家。 And, if he is conscious of this double heritage, he might serve America with a much keener sense of justice than any “pure Caucasian” or “pure Negro.” 和，如果他是意识到这种双重遗产，他可能与美国更为激烈，秉行公义，比任何“纯白种人”或 “ 纯粹的黑人” 。

Dawkins, then, is right in a double sense. 道金斯，那么，是正确的双重意义。 It is the height of injustice to think of a person as “black” just because his blood is “tainted” with “black,” whereas, if “taint” is what it is, then his blood is equally tainted with “white,” in which case, he equally qualifies also as white. 这是不公正的高度，认为一个人的作为“黑”只是因为他的血是“污点”与“黑” ，而如果“污点”是它是什么，然后他的血是同样带有“白” in which case, he equally qualifies also as white.

The anthropologist Lionel Tiger — I learn from Dawkins — called it a “contamination metaphor.” It is perilous because it emphasises the inessential (external appearance) at the expense of the essential (the internal composition) of the individual, whatever his or her race may be.

In this way, the United States — a great country in every other way — has denied itself potentially excellent leadership for too long by putting a premium on such superficialities as race, sex and religion.

RELATED ARTICLE: From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found

About The Author: Philip Ochieng — is a Kenyan Luo , and an Editor with the Nation Media Group. Like Obama Senior, he too went to the US on the famous Tom Mboya Airlift of 1959 [ when hundreds of Kenyan students were given scholarships to American universities ]. He first met Obama Senior in Tom Mboya’s Nairobi office [ Mboya was then the secretary general of the Kenya Federation of Labour ]. Obama and Ochieng met up again on returning to Nairobi and remained drinking buddies for many years.

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