By Ali Mazrui由阿里mazrui

Prof. Ali Mazrui 教授阿里mazrui
Barack Obama, the US Democratic presidential aspirant, has philosophised about a new post-racial America.巴拉克奥巴马，美国民主党总统aspirant ，已philosophised约后的新种族美国。 In his campaign, he has emphasised not merely Martin Luther King’s dream of racial equality, but a more advanced dream of post-raciality.在他的竞选，他强调，不仅是马丁路德金的梦想，种族平等的，但一个更先进的梦想后raciality 。

If Obama were elected the first Black President of the United States, that would of course not be the end of race-consciousness in America, let alone the end of racism.如果奥巴马当选为第一位黑人美国总统，当然会不会结束种族意识在美国，更遑论结束种族主义。 But it would be a major step towards a future post-racial America.但将是一个重大的一步，未来后，美国的种族歧视。

Africa gave birth to the human race; Europe cultivated racism millennia later. What has now arisen is whether America will be the final resting place of racism and race-consciousness. 非洲孕育了人类，欧洲种族主义几千年的栽培稍后什么现在已出现的是美国是否将成为最后的安息的地方，种族主义和种族意识。 If Africa was the garden of Eden that gave birth to the human race, will America be the garden of Eden that inaugurates a world beyond racism?如果非洲是伊甸园认为，生下人类，将美国成为伊甸园认为inaugurates一以外的世界种族主义？

In tracing the transition from that first African Eden cradling homo sapiens to the last American Eden cradling the post-racial age, let us briefly stop at the well-trodden path of Francis Fukuyama’s thesis about the end of history.在追查的过渡从第一届非洲伊甸园还把智人到最后美国伊甸还把后种族年龄，让我们简单停留在良好的走过的道路，福山的论断，关于历史的终结。

Fukuyama saw the end of history in ideological terms.福山看到历史的终结，在思想的条款。 He characterised liberal capitalism as the climax of the ideological biography of homo sapiens.他的特点是自由资本主义的高潮思想的传记智人。 He regarded political culture as being at its most triumphant when in pursuit of life, liberty and profit.他认为，政治文化，作为在其最得意时，在追求生命，自由和利润。

Our thesis here is a different kind of ‘end of history.’ We are seeking to trace, not the end of ideological history, but the end of racial history; not soon but hopefully before the end of this 21st century.我们的论断，这里是一个不同的种'历史的终结' ，我们正设法追查，而不是结束的思想史，但年底种族歧视的历史;不会在短期内，但可望于本年底前21世纪。 Perhaps this is what Senator Barack Obama had in mind when he started dreaming about a post-racial America.也许，这是什么参议员巴拉克奥巴马曾在记时，他开始梦想后，美国的种族歧视。

Ethnicity in its ‘tribal forms’ started where the human species originated: that is, in Africa. Indeed, Africa invented the human family and therefore the human clan as a unit of biological kinship. 种族在其'部落形式'开始的地方人类物种的起源：那就是在非洲。的确，非洲发明了人类大家庭，因此，人类的氏族作为一个单位的生物亲缘关系。 But if Africa was the cradle of the human race, the human family and the human clan, Europe eventually perfected colour-prejudice and elaborate racial discrimination.但如果是非洲的摇篮，人类，人类大家庭和人类的氏族，欧洲，最终完善了颜色的偏见和种族歧视的阐述。

Is the United States, under the egalitarian leadership of Americans of colour?是美国，根据平等领导的美国人颜色的？ Is the United States destined to become the final resting place of ethno-racial stratifications?是美国注定要成为最后的安息的地方，民族种族stratifications ？

Francis Fukuyama is almost definitely wrong about the end of ideological history worldwide.弗朗西斯福山是几乎肯定是错年底思想史世界各地。 But is there better evidence for the proposition that the end of racial history is on the horizon – and its final culmination will occur in the United States of America, led by the struggle of African-Americans?但有更好的证据，主张，即结束种族歧视的历史，是在地平线上-其最后的高潮将出现在美国，所领导的斗争是非洲裔美国人？

The United States is still one of the most racist societies in the world. 美国仍是其中一个最种族主义的社会，在世界上。 Four policemen can shoot an innocent black man 41 times in front of his own house and be acquitted of all charges. 4名警察可以拍摄一个无辜的黑人男子41倍，在门前自己的房子和被宣告无罪的所有指控。

It is inconceivable that if the policemen had shot a white man 41 times they would have gotten off scot-free.它是不可想象的，如果警察开枪一白人男子41倍，他们将走上小康逍遥法外，免费入场。 Subsequently in 2007, a black man was shot 50 times on his wedding day by three New York policemen.随后在2007年，一个黑色男子被枪杀的50倍对他的婚礼当天由三个新的纽约警察。 The victim was unarmed.受害者是手无寸铁的。 The policemen have also been acquitted of all charges.警察也被无罪释放的所有指控。

But although the United States is still so steeped in racism, most indications seem to single out this country as the most promising theatre for a racial and ethnic compromise before the end of the 21st century.不过，尽管美国仍是使沉浸在种族主义，大多数迹象显示，似乎要挑出这个国家作为最有前途的剧院为种族和族裔的妥协年底前21世纪。 This is so provided that all Americans join hands and are converted to the dream of a post-racial age.是这样的规定，所有的美国人都携起手来，被转换为梦想后种族歧视的年龄。

We might call this entire odyssey from the birth of the clan in Africa to the end of racial history in the United States ‘A Tale of Two Edens’-the African Eden of human genesis, on one side, and the American Eden of human egalitarian dispersal, on the other.我们可称之为这整个奥德赛从出生到氏族在非洲到去年底，种族歧视的历史，在美国的故事2 edens' -非洲伊甸园人类的成因，一方面，和美国的伊甸园人类平等疏散，对其他。

Historical times 历史时期

There is a sense in which all Americans, of any race, are part of the African Diaspora — since their ancestors all originated in Africa.有一种感觉，使所有的美国人，任何种族，是一部分非洲人散居-因为他们的祖先都起源于非洲。 But there is the other sense of ‘African Diaspora’ when the Diaspora refers to people of colour whose ancestors came from the African continent in more clearly defined historical times.但有其他的感觉'非洲人散居'时，散居是指人民的肤色，他们的祖先来自非洲大陆在更明确的界定的历史时代。

The generic African Diaspora is the one which makes Bill Clinton an ‘African President’ of the United States.通用非洲人散居是一个使比尔克林顿'非洲总统的美国。 The specific African Diaspora is the one which makes Martin Kilson, Toni Morrison, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., African-Americans.具体非洲人散居是一个令李柱铭kilson ，托妮莫里森，亨利路易斯盖茨，小，非裔美国人。

Africa is where the human species began. A persistent question in world history is whether the United States will become the final post-racial Garden of Eden before the end of the 21st century. 非洲是人类物种的开始。持之以恒的问题，在世界历史上是美国是否将成为最后的后花园种族的伊甸园年底前21世纪。 Will it evolve into the nearest approximation of a genuine post-ethnic role model for the world?将它演变成最接近的逼近一个真正的后民族的榜样，为世界呢？ It will need African-Americans to achieve such a moral stature.它将需要非裔美国人为了实现这种道德的地位。

The Christian doctrine has had two Adams: the Adam who fathered the human species and the Adam who finally saved the human species. 基督教教义有两个亚当斯：亚当谁的父亲人类物种和亚当谁最后保存的人类物种。 In the words of the 15th chapter of the First Corinthians: “ Thus it is written: There was made the first man, Adam, living soul, the last Adam life-giving Spirit. ”在的话，十五章，第一哥林多前书： “ 因此，这是写：有取得第一人，亚当，活的灵魂，最后亚当赋予生命的精神 ” 。

In our more secular imagery, the first Adam was Africa-the cradle of human kind.在我们的更为世俗的意象，首先亚当非洲-的摇篮，人类的一种。 Will the last Adam be the United States, a potential secular savior of the human race?将过去亚当被美国，一个潜在的世俗救世主的人类呢？ We need to see the Edenisation of the United States as the beginning of post-raciality.我们需要看到edenisation的美国开始后raciality 。

At the moment the United States is far from being a collective secular savior of the human race! 目前，美国是远远不是一个集体世俗的救世主人类！

On the contrary, there are times when the United States displays the symptoms of evolving into a collective anti-Christ.与此相反，有些时候，美国显示的症状，演变成一个集体的反基督。 Is that what Barack Obama’s pastor, Jeremiah Wright, meant when he said “God damn America”?是什么巴拉克奥巴马的牧师，耶利米赖特的意思时，他说： “上帝可恶美国” ？

But, in reality, the twenty-first century brings the United States to the critical crossroads.但是，在现实中，二十一世纪带来了美国向关键的十字路口。 Will this country evolve into a collective savior (the second Adam) or a collective anti-Christ?这个国家将演变成一个集体的救世主（第二亚当）或集体反基督？ Will the United States realize its potential of becoming humankind’s post-racial Garden of Eden, completing the odyssey from Africa as the first Garden of Eden?美国将实现其潜力成为人类的后花园种族的伊甸园，完成奥德赛来自非洲作为第一伊甸园？ Or will this country waste that opportunity through bigotry, prejudice, and conflict?或将这个国家的废物，通过的机会，偏执，偏见，和冲突？

Our children and grandchildren as homo sapiens are burdened by the gravity of that responsibility, by the weight of that momentous choice.我们的子孙作为智人是负担的严重性，这一责任，由重量，这一重大的选择。

Popularity: 6% [受欢迎程度： 6 ％ [ ? ？ ] ]

Barack Obama’s maternal grandfather, Stanley Dunham, grew up in El Dorado, Kansas.巴拉克奥巴马的外公，赤柱邓纳姆，成长起来的埃尔多拉多，堪萨斯州。 Obama was raised by his mother and his grandparents in Hawaii; his father left the family when Obama was just 2 years old and then returned to his native Kenya.奥巴马提出了他的母亲和他的祖父母在夏威夷;他的父亲离开家庭时，奥巴马刚刚2岁，然后返回他的祖国肯尼亚。

Stanley Dunham served in World War II and was educated on the GI Bill, while his grandmother stayed in Wichita with their baby — Obama’s mother, Ann Dunham — and worked on a bomber assembly line.赤柱邓纳姆服务在第二次世界大战中和教育，对胃肠条例草案，而他的祖母住在威奇托，与他们的婴儿-奥巴马的母亲，人工神经网络的邓纳姆-和工作的一轰炸机装配生产线。 The family eventually moved to Hawaii, where Obama was born and raised.家庭，最终迁移到夏威夷，那里奥巴马出生并长大。

Obama’s upbringing in a white household contributed to some questioning early in his campaign about whether he is “ black enough ” to win over black voters.奥巴马的成长在一个白色的家庭作出贡献的一些质疑早在他的竞选有关他是否是“ 黑不够 ”来争取黑人选民。 That is no longer the case, as he now draws support from blacks at a 90+% clip — The ‘Clinton Goons’ helped that come about….when they unleased blatant Racial Politics in South Carolina.这已不再是个案，因为他现在提请支持，黑人在90 + ％剪辑-' 克林顿g oons'帮助来约…当他们批租公然种族政治在南卡罗来纳州。

| Why is Obama called black anyway? | 为什么奥巴马所谓的黑呢？ |

Stanley Dunham died in 1992 and Obama’s mother, Ann died in 1995.赤柱邓纳姆死亡，在1992年和奥巴马的母亲，人工神经网络在1995年去世。 Obama’s grandmother, Madelyn Dunham, follows the campaign closely, even though severe osteoporosis keeps her from traveling out of Hawaii.奥巴马的祖母， madelyn邓纳姆，如下运动密切，即使严重的骨质疏松症不断从她的行列于夏威夷。

More from Wikipedia: 更多的维基百科： Madelyn and Stanley Dunham madelyn及赤柱邓纳姆

Who is Barack Obama — Part 1 谁是巴拉克奥巴马-第1部分