Prof. Ali Mazrui 教授阿里mazrui
Last week in this space I posed a challenge to the United States of America: Will it realise its potential of becoming humankind’s post-racial garden of Eden, completing the odyssey from Africa as the first Garden of Eden? 上周在这空间我提出了挑战，美国：将它实现其潜力，成为人类的后花园种族的伊甸园，完成奥德赛来自非洲作为第一伊甸园？ Or will the country waste that opportunity through bigotry, prejudice, and conflict?或将国家的废物，通过的机会，偏执，偏见，和冲突？

This week we raise the question: What are the migrations that initiated the linkage between the first Garden of Eden and the second Garden of Eden? 这个星期，我们提出这个问题：什么是移民发起之间的联系，第一伊甸园和第二伊甸园？ The garden of birth was Africa; the garden of potential post-raciality is the United States.该园出生非洲;花园的潜在后raciality是美国。 Will the human race need the Edenisation of America towards the post-racial age?将人类的需要edenisation美国对后种族歧视的年龄？

The story of Adam and Eve occurs in three of the great world religions – Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Only two of the three Abrahamic religions have featured prominently in the belief systems of the African peoples – Christianity and Islam. 的故事，亚当和夏娃出现在三个伟大的世界宗教-犹太教，基督教和伊斯兰教。只有两个三个亚伯拉罕宗教突出，在信仰体系的非洲人民-基督教和伊斯兰教。 Christianity and Islam have cast a shadow on the migrations of African peoples from the continent of the First Eden to the shores of the Second.基督教和伊斯兰教蒙上了阴影就迁徙非洲人民从大陆的第一伊甸园向海岸第二。

Central to the transfer of the African peoples from Africa to America was of course the role of Europe. If Africa invented the human race, Europe perfected racism. Europeans then inaugurated the most extensive trade in slaves ever attempted in human history.中环至转让非洲人民从非洲到美国是当然的角色，欧洲， 如果非洲发明了人类，欧洲完善的种族主义。欧洲人，然后宣誓就职的最广泛的贸易在奴隶以往任何时候都企图在人类历史上。 Both European racism and European slave trade helped to set the stage for creating a multi-racial ‘New World.’ The final Eden was slowly in the making.欧洲种族主义和欧洲的奴隶贸易，帮助搭建了舞台，为建立一个多种族'新的世界' ，最后伊甸园是缓慢，在决策。

It is common knowledge that one of the ways by which Europeans legitimised the slave trade was by portraying Africans as heathens and cannibals.这是共同知识的途径之一，其中欧洲人legitimised奴隶贸易的描绘是由非洲人作为heathens和食。 What is not often realised is that African resistance to European enslavement was in turn partly inspired by African fears that those white-skinned people were the ones who were cannibals.什么是不经常意识到的是，非洲的阻力，欧洲被奴役，从而部分灵感来自非洲的恐惧，那些白皮肤人，那些谁被食。

As a Dutch contemporary Willem Bosman summed it up, “Sometimes we deal with slaves from deep in the interior, who convince each other that the reason why we buy and transport them is to fatten them and sell them again for an appetising meal.”作为荷兰当代威廉博斯曼归纳起来， “有时候，我们处理的奴隶，从深在内政，谁说服对方的原因，我们购买和运输，他们是为了他们的育肥和出售他们再次一appetising餐” 。

What was happening was the forceful transfer of citizens of the world’s first Garden of Eden (Africa) to the shores of what may well turn out to be the world’s final Garden of Eden- the USA. 正在发生什么，是有力的转移世界公民的第一伊甸园（非洲） ，以海岸什么样的可能，以及转出将成为世界上最后的伊甸园-美国。 That part of the population of the United States that was of African descent was historically destined to play decisive roles in the evolution of the second Eden towards its historic destiny. 这部分人口的美国，这是非洲人后裔的历史注定要发挥决定性作用，在演变的第二个伊甸园实现其历史命运。

The anti-slavery spirit of resistance among Africans was inspired by many factors, including love for freedom and a determination to remain on the soil of their ancestors.反奴役的精神阻力之间的非洲人的启发因素有很多，包括爱自由，并决心继续留在土壤中他们的祖先。 But a perception of the white man as a cannibal, as the ultimate serpent who might eat up the African, aggravated African anxieties.但一种观念的白人男子为食，为最终蛇，谁可能是吃了非洲，加剧了非洲的忧虑。

In 1752 one European captain in the harbour of Paramaribo, Suriname, was worried about whether his enslaved Africans on his ship Prins Willem V would jump overboard because “they feared they would be eaten” on arrival at their destination.在1752年1欧洲队队长在海港内的帕拉马里博，苏里南，担心是否他的被奴役的非洲人，他就船上的Prins威廉v会跳转过分，因为“他们担心他们会吃”就到达目的地。

And an 18th century European handbook for slave traders urged the slavers to “assure the slaves, after they have been purchased, that they should not be afraid- that white people were not cannibals…” In our terms, the serpent was historically deadly, but was not a man-eater in the literal sense.和一个18世纪的欧洲手册奴隶交易敦促slavers ，以“保证奴隶后，他们已购买的，他们不应该害怕，即白的人不食… … ”在我们的条款，蛇，是历史上致命的，但是不是一个人吃，在字面上。

Back in Africa, indigenous rulers differed in their attitude to the slave trade.早在非洲，土著统治者的不同，他们的态度向奴隶贸易。 John Thornton reminds us that Queen Nzinga Nbande of Matamba in Angola tried to mobilise and coordinate opposition to the Portuguese slave traders in the 1630s and 1640s.约翰桑顿提醒我们，皇后nzinga nbande的马坦巴在安哥拉的尝试，以动员和协调反对以葡萄牙语奴隶交易，在1630s和1640年代。 But the Portuguese fought back and unfortunately got African allies in opposition to Queen Nzinga.但葡萄牙和回击，可惜了非洲的盟友，反对女王nzinga 。

In the 18th century, Tomba, the leader of the Baga on the Guinean Coast, also tried to stop the slave trade but was opposed by resident Europeans, Mulattoes and African collaborators. 在十八世纪， tomba ，领导人对巴噶对几内亚海岸，也试图阻止奴隶贸易，但反对由驻地欧洲人， mulattoes和非洲的合作者。

Agaji Trudo was one of the greatest kings of Dahomey. agaji trudo是一个最大的国王达荷美。 He was hostile to the slave trade, and invaded coastal Aja kingdoms partly in a bid to stop the trade.他是敌对的奴隶贸易的，和入侵沿海司法机构助理政务长王国部分，在企图阻止贸易。 His successes were short lived. Racist Europe persevered.他的成功是短期的生活。 种族主义欧洲坚持。

Our essay here poses the issue of whether there is a secular historical and collective version of the biblical story of Genesis.我们的征文在这里构成的问题，是否有一个世俗的历史和集体版本的圣经故事的成因。 Should we look at Africa as the first Garden of Eden – the original habitat of the human species, fallible, mortal and therefore profoundly human?我们应该看看非洲作为第一伊甸园-原生境的人类物种，会犯错误，致命的，因此，深刻人类？ Should we look at the United States as potentially the second Eden, the future vanguard of a post-racial world?我们应该看看美国作为潜在的第二个伊甸园，未来的先锋队，后种族歧视的世界呢？

In 1978 William Julius Wilson alerted us about The Declining Relevance of Race.在1978年威廉朱利卫奕信提醒我们约下降的相关性军备竞赛。 Prof Wilson might have been prophetic rather than descriptive.教授卫奕信可能已经预言，而不是说明性的文字。

America as the second Garden of Eden must first get its racial house in order. Between now and the end of the 21st century, America has to learn how to cope with race and ethnicity, with an increasingly aging population, and with the gender gaps of privilege in its population. 美国作为第二个伊甸园，必须先取得其种族众议院在秩序。现在到年底之间的二十一世纪，美国要了解如何应付种族和民族，与一个日益老化的人口，并与性别差距的特权，在其人口。

America must learn how to accommodate its impatient youth, how to re-define its moral values, and how to become the final burying ground of sectarian hatreds and racial strife on the world scene.美国必须学会如何容纳它的不耐烦，青年，如何重新界定其道德价值观，以及如何成为最后埋在地面的宗派仇恨和种族纷争在世界舞台上。

Here is the Tale of Two Edens – Africa where the human species began, and America where the human species stands a chance of attaining its optimum post-racial fulfillment, guided by African Americans as sons and daughters of the first Eden. 这里是故事二edens -非洲而人类物种的开始，美国如果人类物种的立场的机会，实现其优化后的种族圆满，遵循非裔美国人，作为中华儿女的第一伊甸园。

That Africa was the first Garden of Eden is a fact of history and paleontology.非洲是第一伊甸园是一个事实，历史和古生物学。 There was light in the Dark Continent before there was light anywhere else.有鉴于在黑暗的大陆之前，有鉴于其他地方。 That America is the second Garden of Eden is still a matter of hope and aspiration.美国是第二伊甸园仍然是一个问题，希望和愿望。 Let there be divine light on America too.让有神圣的光照对美国太。

Thus is it written: There was made the first man, the African living soul. 因此，它是写：有取得第一名男子，非洲活的灵魂。

Then, the last ideal, the American life-giving post-racial spirit.然后，最后的理想，美国赋予生命后种族的精神。

Millennia after Adam there arose an Obama.几千年后，亚当有出现一奥巴马。 It is now conceivable, nay credible, that our great grandchildren, of all ethnicities and all faiths, of all colours and all national origins, may witness such a miracle of a post-racial dawn before the end of this century.现在是可以想象的，在NaY可信的，我们伟大的孙子，所有种族和所有信仰，所有的颜色和所有国家的起源，可能的证人，如一个奇迹，一个职位种族黎明之前，到本世纪末。

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