Introduction 导言

Africa’s rise to prominence in the geopolitics of the 21st century is explained largely by the renewal of great power interest in the region of the world once dismissed as the “forgotten continent.” This great power concern reproduces the same power-play which is reminiscent of the Cold War when inter-locking and overlapping interests of great powers significantly shaped the outlook of international politics.非洲的崛起，突出了在地缘政治的二十一世纪将是解释，主要是由重建大国的利益，在世界各地区曾一度被视为“遗忘的大陆” ，这大国的关注抄录了同样的权力-这是发挥想起冷战时，跨锁定和重叠的利益的大国，形成了显着的面貌，国际政治。 The end of the Cold War and the subsequent demise of the Soviet Union gave rise to a new environment which President George HW Bush called a “New World Order” in 1990.冷战结束战争和随后的消亡，苏联产生了一个新的环境，总统老布什所谓的“世界新秩序”在1990年。 This new World Order or globalization as it came to be called, saw the expansion of capitalism across regional and continental boundaries at the expense of its reeling rival, communism.这个新的世界秩序或全球化，因为它来到被称为，看到了资本主义的扩张跨越区域和大陆的分界不惜牺牲其缫丝的竞争对手，共产主义。

Barely a decade after President Bush’s ordination of a new global environment, another world order was gradually emerging.仅仅十年后，布什总统的统筹一个新的全球环境，另一个的世界秩序正在逐步形成。 This “Third World Order” as it has also been named, is championed by a rising eastern giant, China.这“第三条的世界秩序” ，因为它也被命名，这是倡导的上升东区巨人，中国。 The unprecedented rise of China as an economic power capable of steering the course of the global economy provides a credible alternative to the western-driven concept of globalization.前所未有的中国的崛起成为一个经济强国，有能力的督导过程中，全球经济提供了一个可信的替代西方主导的全球化的概念。 The imagined rivalry between these two power blocs is the concern of this article.该想象之争这两个大国集团是关注的这篇文章。

In the course of expending its economic and political power, China has embraced Africa in an economic alliance which is proving to be worrisome to the West.在这个过程中花费其经济和政治权力，中国拥抱非洲在经济联盟的证明是令人担忧的向西方。 Africa on its part, hit by the pressures of globalization and frustration following several centuries of unrewarding ties with the West has been more than enthusiastic in courting with China.非洲就其一部分，受全球化的压力和挫折感以下几个世纪的吃力不讨好的关系，与西方已超过热衷于讨好中国。 This Sino-African alliance is at the core of the “Third World Order” which China is today leading.这是中非联盟的核心是“第三个世界秩序” ，这是中国今天的领导。 The impact of this alliance is conjured in the words of William Wallis.的影响，这个联盟是conjured在的话，威廉沃利斯。 “The contours of a new order are still being drawn, but China’s growing stake in the continent has already shaken up an old and fraying one dominated by cautious western donors and former colonial powers” “轮廓一种新的秩序仍然是正在制定的，但中国日益增长的股权，在大陆已动摇了1岁和1磨损为主的谨慎西方捐助者和前殖民国家”

Prelude to the “Third World Order” 前奏的“第三条的世界秩序”

Modern Sino-African cooperation or the “Third World Order,” is the full-blown stage of a relationship that traces its history as far beak as the 10th century and beyond.现代中非合作或“第三的世界秩序” ，这是充分吹阶段，这种关系的痕迹，它的历史，据嘴作为10世纪和以后。 To fast forward this story, the most convenient and agreeable point from which to pick up an analysis of this relationship is the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.快速向前这个故事，最方便和同意，这点从回升的分析，这种关系是成立的中国人民共和国于1949年。 This period which was largely characterized by the politics of the Cold War, saw the young communist China struggling against the odds of western capitalist domination.此期间，这主要特点是政治的冷战，看到年轻的中国共产主义作斗争的几率西方资本主义的统治。 The shared historical, economic and cultural experiences between China and Africa marked the beginning of what Chairman Mao Ze Dong called a “Third World alliance” against western oppression.共同的历史，经济和文化之间的经验，中国和非洲标志着什么主席毛泽东称为“第三次世界联盟”对西方的压迫。

As China and Russia struggled to battle against the forces of capitalism in the Cold War, Africa became a theatre for this fray.作为中国和俄罗斯的挣扎对抗的力量，资本主义在冷战时期，非洲成为一个剧院为这个行列。 The resultant “proxy wars” in the continent provided an opportunity for China and Russia to extend military assistance to anti-colonial forces throughout Africa.由此产生的“代理人战争”在非洲大陆提供了一个机会，为中国和俄罗斯扩大军事援助，以反殖民势力在整个非洲。 During this period of massive Sino-Soviet military assistance to Africa, economic considerations were minimal.在此期间，大量的中苏联的军事力量对非洲的援助，经济上的考虑甚微。 The relationship was shaped largely by ideological and strategic imperatives which were the defining features of the Cold War.关系形成的，主要是由思想和战略的必要性，其中界定的特点冷战。

China gained another significant edge in Africa following disputes with Russia over the leadership of the communist world and differences over the international orientation of communism.中国取得的又一重大优势，在非洲的下列纠纷，与俄罗斯领导的共产主义世界和分歧，国际共产主义的前进方向。 The Sino-Soviet split as this difference came to be known, gave China considerable leverage to carve out its own “sphere of influence” in Africa.中苏分裂，因为这种差异后来被称为了中国相当大的杠杆作用，以开拓自己的“势力范围”是在非洲。 A practical manifestation of this Sino-Soviet gulf was seen in the nature of assistance given to the liberation forces in Zimbabwe in the 1970s.一个实际的表现，这中苏关系海湾被认为是在援助的性质考虑到解放力量在津巴布韦在20世纪70年代。 While China offered training to Zimbabwean guerillas in the manner of a People’s army, Russia did it in the light of a regular army.而中国所提供的训练津巴布韦游击队在该地一个人民的军队，俄罗斯没有在根据正规军。 This difference not withstanding, the bottom line remained the struggle against western oppression of what China saw as “the masses of the third world.” In this military connection, Soviet arm sales to Africa rose from US $150 billion in the 1960s to US $2.5 billion in the 1970s.这种差异不顶住，底线仍是斗争的西方压迫的中国看到了什么是“群众的第三次世界”在此军事方面，苏联武装销售到非洲上升到1500亿美元，在20世纪60年代到25亿美元在20世纪70年代。 China on her part, sold $142 billon worth of military equipment to Africa between 1955 and 1977中国对她的一部分，出售一四二美元亿元的军事装备，非洲之间的1955年和1977年

Besides the Sino-soviet split, China reaped considerable diplomatic gains in Africa with the waning of Moscow’s influence due largely to the growing dissention within the Russian empire.除了中苏关系的分裂，中国外交取得了相当大的收益在非洲与减弱莫斯科的影响力，主要原因是越来越多dissention与俄罗斯帝国。 When Russia ceased to exert any significant influence in Africa, this vacuum was immediately filled by China.当俄罗斯不再施加任何重大影响，在非洲，这一真空，立即填补中国。 This diplomatic triumph was followed up on three major fronts-economic, diplomatic and technical.这是外交的胜利，随访3个主要方面-经济，外交和技术。 Sustained dialogue through an unbroken chain of visits by Chinese officials to Africa has remained the strong point of China’s diplomatic offensive.持续的对话，透过一个完整的链条访问中国官员到非洲仍然是强烈的一点中国的外交攻势。 Way back in the 1960s, Premier Zhou En Lai vowed to support African people in what he called “their struggle to oppose imperialism and old and new [forms of] colonialism and to win and safe guard national independence”早在六十年代，周总理恩赖发誓要支持非洲人民在他所谓的“他们的斗争，反对帝国主义和新老[形式]殖民主义和争取和安全防范民族独立”

This spirit of cooperation, fraternity and support constitutes the foundation of modern Sino-African alliance, an illustration of Third World and South-South cooperation.这种合作精神，友爱和支持构成的基础，现代中非洲联盟，说明了第三次世界合作和南南合作。 It was re-echoed in 2006 in a policy document which Beijing called “China’s Africa Policy.” This document called for “sincerity, equality, mutual benefit and common development,” and emphasized the need for a beneficial “cultural exchange” between China and Africa.这是重新呼应2006年在一份政策文件，北京的所谓“中国的非洲政策。 ”这份文件呼吁“的诚意，平等，互惠互利，共同发展” ，并强调需要一个有益的“文化交流”之间中国和非洲。 This is the strength of the “Third world Order” that faces the “New World Order” in the 21st century.这是实力的“第三次世界秩序”所面临的“世界新秩序”在二十一世纪。

The economic foundations of the “Third World Order” 经济基础的“第三次世界秩序”

The concept of globalization is rooted mainly on the economic strength and expansion of capital.全球化的概念是根深蒂固的，主要是对经济实力和扩大资本。 As agreed by Bonaglia, Pinaud and Wegner, globalization comprises entirely of “the deepening of financial and trade integration associated with technological progress and multilateral liberalization.” So too is the economic regime of the “Third World Order.” Sino-African economic cooperation involves several facets, the most important among them being trade, investment, aid and infrastructure development.同意bonaglia ，皮诺和韦格纳，全球化的组成完全是“深化金融和贸易一体化相关的技术进步和多边自由化。 ”也是如此，是经济制度的“第三条的世界秩序。 ”中非经济合作涉及几个层面，其中最重要的被贸易，投资，援助和基础设施的发展。 Among these, trade has a pride of place and a long history in this alliance.其中，贸易有一个骄傲的地方，和悠久的历史，在这个联盟。 When China started buying cotton from Egypt in 1956 very few observers could foresee a possible Chinese trade domination of the entire continent in less than half a century.当中国开始购买棉花，从埃及于1956年，极少数观察员可以预见一个可能的中国贸易的统治，整个非洲大陆在不到半世纪。

Today, China imports a wide range of commodities from Africa.今天，中国进口各种各样的商品来自非洲。 These include oil, iron ore, cotton, diamonds, logs and several other minerals.这些措施包括石油，铁矿石，棉花，钻石，原木和其他几个矿物。 African agricultural products which have suffered from the cruelty of globalization now find profitable markets in China.非洲农产品遭受的残酷全球化的现在，寻找有利可图的市场在中国。 Burkina Faso, Benin and Mali provide China with 20 percent of its cotton imports.布基那法索，贝宁和马里向中国提供20 ％的棉花进口。 The Ivory Coast and Ghana are important sources of cocoa and Kenya sells large quantities of coffee beans and tea to China.象牙海岸和加纳的重要来源可可和肯尼亚销售了大量的咖啡豆和茶叶到中国。 Namibia provides large shipments of fish and fishmeal.纳米比亚提供了大量出货的鱼类和鱼粉。

The figures about China-Africa trade illustrate the depth of this economic cooperation.数字介绍了中国-非洲贸易说明的深度，这经济合作。 This trade rose by 700% in the 1990s.这贸易额增长了700 ％ ，在20世纪90年代。 In 1999, the trade volume stood at US $6.5 billion.在1999年，贸易额为65亿美元。 From 2002 to 2003, trade doubled to US $18.5 billion.从2002年到2003年，贸易翻了一番，达到185亿美元。 In 2005, it stood at US $39.7 billion and again jumped to US$50 billion in 2006.在2005年，它为美国39700000000美元和再次跃升至500亿美元，在2006年。 A year later in 2007, it rose to $55 billion.一年后在2007年，则上升到550亿美元。 In February 2008, Chinese Premier Wen Jia Bao optimistically predicted that Sino-African trade would reach $100 billion in 2010 removing China from its current third position into being Africa’s first trading partner.在2008年2月，中国国务院总理温家宝乐观地预言，中非贸易将达到1000亿美元，在2010年取消从中国目前的第三位，正在成为非洲的第一贸易伙伴。 “The opening of new trade and investment corridors between developing countries…confirmed as a growing phenomenon in UN figures…is a discovering sight for the old powers,” says Conal Walsh. “开放新的贸易和投资的走廊发展中国家之间…证实，作为一个现象日益严重，在联合国的数字… …是一发现视线为旧的权力，说： ” conal沃尔什。

Trade in oil is among China’s priority areas in Africa.在石油贸易是在中国的优先领域是在非洲。 Projected to become the world’s biggest oil importer soon after 2010, China seeks to expand its foothold in the African oil sector at all cost.预计将成为世界最大的石油进口商在2010年后不久，中国旨在扩大其立足点是在非洲石油部门不惜一切代价。 In Nigeria, Africa’s largest exporter of crude, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) has paid $2.7 billion for the right to explore oil.在尼日利亚，是非洲最大出口国的原油，中国海洋石油总公司（ CNOOC ）付出了27亿美元的权利，探索石油。 In Angola, China Petrochemical Corporation (SINOPEC) gained a 50% stake in the BP operated Greater Plutonic project.在安哥拉，中国石油化工集团公司（中石化）的股票上涨了50 ％的股份的BP经营的更大的深工程。 In Sudan where the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) helped develop Sudanese oil fields (in the chaotic 1990s), China receives 60% of Susan’s oil output.在苏丹的情况下，中国石油天然气集团公司（ CNPC ）帮助开发苏丹油田（在混乱的20世纪90年代） ，中国获得60 ％的Susan的石油产量。 In Somalia, CNOOC has signed a production sharing deal with the transnational government of Somalia, one of the world’s most volatile countries.在索马里，中海油签署了一份生产分享处理与跨国索马里政府，其中一个是世界上最不稳定的国家。 China already stands on the doorsteps of Sudan, Chad, Nigeria, Angola, Algeria, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Congo, Africa’s frontline oil producers.中国已经站在门口苏丹，乍得，尼日利亚，安哥拉，阿尔及利亚，加蓬，赤道几内亚和刚果共和国，非洲的石油生产国的前线。

In the mineral sector, China stretches its hands very far into Africa.在矿产部门，中国延伸至其手中的很远，到非洲。 President Hu jintao’s inauguration of an African economic and Trade Zone during his Africa tour of 2007 is proof of China’s emerging monopoly in the mineral trade in Africa.胡锦涛主席的就职典礼的一非洲经济和贸易区，在他非洲之行2007年证明了中国新兴的垄断，在矿产品贸易在非洲。 The Chinese –controlled Chambisi Copper Smelter in Zambia is at the heart of this economic zone and is a joint venture between China Nonferrous Metal Mining (CNMC) and Yunnan Copper Industry (YNCIG).中国人控制的chambisi铜冶炼厂在赞比亚的核心是这个经济区是一个合资企业之间的中国有色金属矿业（ cnmc ）和云南铜业（ yncig ） 。 China also lays claims on vast mineral resources in neighboring Zimbabwe where President Robert Mugabe, spited by the west, has passionately embraced a “look east policy” with inspiration from China.中国还规定，索赔对广大的矿产资源在邻国津巴布韦总统穆加贝， spited由西，热情拥抱了“面向东方政策”的灵感来自中国。

In other areas of the continent, China remains the talk of the day.在其他地区的非洲大陆，中国仍然是谈一天。 In Angola, China outbid Brazil in 2005 for the sight to tap into iron ore deposits.在安哥拉，中国的出价巴西在2005年为观光进军铁矿床。 In the Democratic Republic of Congo, China struck a deal last year with 8 $ billion dollars which gives China 68 percent stake in Grecamines, the state copper mining company and costs would be repaid in minerals over 30 years.在刚果民主共和国，中国是一个处理去年8美元， 10亿美元，这给中国68 ％的股份， grecamines ，国家铜的矿业公司和费用将偿还的矿物质超过30年。 In the Ivory Coast, China exercises control over a manganese mine at Lozoua where it exports manganese to the Chinese market.在象牙海岸，中国演习的控制权锰矿在lozoua而锰出口到中国市场。 In Gabon the state owned China National Machinery & equipment Import & Export Corporation struck a $ 3 billon deal to mine Iron ore in Belinga.在加蓬国有中国国家机械设备进出口公司是一个300亿处理，以矿山铁矿石在贝林加。 In Mauritania, China’s Transtech Industry (together with a Sudanese company) agreed to invest more than $600 million in the construction of a railway line in exchange for an estimated 165m tons of phosphate used in the production of fertilizers.在毛里塔尼亚，中国的transtech业（连同一名苏丹公司）同意投资6亿美元以上在建造一条铁路线在换取估计165米吨磷酸盐用于生产化肥。 While China imports cobalt from the DR Congo, South Africa remains China’s largest supplier of ore and manganese.而中国的进口钴从刚果民主共和国，南非仍然是中国的最大供应地矿和锰矿。 China’s push into the African mineral market continues to grow despite western outcry.中国的进军非洲矿产市场继续增长，尽管西方哗然。

Besides trade in oil, minerals, agriculture and manufactured goods, aid is another key pillar in Sino-Africa economic cooperation.除了贸易在石油，矿产，农业和工业品，援助的另一个关键环节是支柱，在中非洲的经济合作。 The most Significant difference between China’s aid to Africa and that of the west is that Beijing does not attach too many strings and “conditionalities” on its loan packages.最显着性差异，中国对非洲的援助，以及对西方的是，北京并不重视，太多的弦乐团及“条件”就其贷款的软件包。 These “soft loans” to Africa do not follow along the lines of western bureaucracy nor do they respect the western “equator principles” of lending.这些“软贷款” ，向非洲提供不遵循大致相同的西方官僚主义，也没有尊重西方的“赤道原则”的贷款。 Estimates put Chinese loans to Africa at $19billion as of 2006.据估计，中国对非洲的贷款元19billion作为2006年。 These loans despite western outcry on humanitarian grounds have been seen as positive instruments for Africa’s development.这些贷款虽然西方哗然，基于人道理由，已经被视为积极的文书为非洲的发展。 “What the Chinese are doing is taking a long term perspective of the ability to repay debts” says Donald kaberuka, President of the African Development Bank. “什么，中国正在做的是一项长期的角度来看，有能力偿还债务，说： ”唐纳德卡贝鲁卡，总统非洲开发银行。 “Take a country with [a] rich subsoil that is emerging from war. “一个国家与[一]丰富的心土这是刚刚摆脱战争。 In terms of its static numbers it doesn’t look good.而言，其静态的数字，它并不乐观。 It would be a HIPC case or a grant case from the traditional donors,” he said.这将是一个重债穷国的案件或赠款案件从传统的捐助者， “他说。 The Chinese are looking at it and saying ‘what is the capacity of this country which is not exploited?’ So they exploit that capacity, build infrastructure.中国人是看它和说， '什么是能力，这个国家是不是剥削？ ' ，使他们利用这种能力，逐步建立基础设施。 It is a different analysis,” Kaberuka concluded.这是一个不同的分析， “卡贝鲁卡结束。

Since the 1990s, the range of Chinese investment in Africa has broadened significantly. 20世纪90年代以来，一系列的中国在非洲的投资已显着扩大。 It has evolved from a few sectors such as resource development, including oil, agriculture and fishing to other areas such as textiles, consumer electronics, tourism telecommunications and road construction.它已演变从几个行业，如资源开发，包括石油，农业和渔业到其他地区，如纺织品，消费类电子产品，旅游，电讯和道路建设。 By the end of 2006, the accumulated amount of Chinese investment in Africa totaled $11.7 billion.由2006年年底，累计中国在非洲的投资总额为117亿美元。 In 2005, the total Chinese Direct investment in Africa was $400 million, constituting 1.3% of total inflow of direct investment in Africa in that year.在2005年，共有中国，直接在非洲的投资是4亿美元，构成了1.3 ％ ，占总流入的直接投资在非洲，在这一年。 This investment driven by China’s booming economy is having a significant impact on Africa’s economic growth “China’s fast rising demand for commodities, spurred by industrialization is having an increasingly significant impact on world commodity markets as well as the resource rich regions of the world-particularly Africa and Latin America,” says Tamara Trush, Senior economist at Deutshe Bank.这项投资的推动下蓬勃发展的中国经济是有一个重大的影响，非洲的经济增长“中国的快速上升，对商品的需求，带动工业化是有一个越来越重大的影响，世界商品市场，以及为资源丰富的地区整个世界，尤其是非洲和拉丁美洲，说： “塔玛拉trush ，高级经济师deutshe银行。

Attracted by the improved political and economic climate in Africa and Africa’s untapped resources, there are currently between 800 and 900 Chinese enterprises doing business in Africa.所吸引，改善政治和经济环境在非洲和非洲的尚未开发的资源，目前有800至900中国企业做生意，在非洲。 The pressures of globalization and liberalization have also forced many African countries to open up to the outside world, thus embracing “easy-coming” investment from Chinese companies.的压力，全球化和自由化也迫使许多非洲国家开放，向外部世界，从而树立“易来了”投资中国公司。 A bulk of these companies are privately owned and driven largely by commercial motivations.一大部分的这些公司是私人拥有和推动，主要是由商业动机。 These commercial motivations and their resultant constraints are some of the reasons for the rise of anti-Chinese sentiments in certain parts of Africa as workers clamor for higher wages and better working conditions.这些商业动机和其造成的限制的部分原因的崛起，反中国的情绪，在某些非洲部分地区，作为工人的鼓噪更高的工资和更好的工作条件。

In response to this budding resentment, Beijing has adopted or modified the language of “corporate social responsibility” to (re)define its economic ties with Africa.为响应这一苗头性的不满，北京已通过或修改的语言“企业的社会责任” （重新）确定其经济关系，与非洲。 “For the Chinese enterprises, there is a growing awareness of this importance,” says Yang Guang, Director of the Institute of West Asian and African Studies. “对于中国企业来说，人们日益认识到这个重要性，说： ”杨光，研究所所长，西亚洲和非洲的研究。 “This is not only for Africa but they [Chinese companies] are also aware that without achieving a kind of win-win solution, without helping the local people to see the result of development, investing counties will not sustain their achievement in this continent.” Continued Guang, “so we can see especially the large scale Chinese companies, they have already begun to pay attention to this and are doing a lot of things in this regard. “这不仅是对非洲，但他们[中国公司]也知道，没有实现一种双赢的解决办法，而不帮助当地人民看到的结果发展，投资，县将不会维持其成就，在这个大陆。 “继续广， ”因此，我们可以看到，特别是大型的中国公司，他们已经开始注意这一点，是做了很多事情，在这方面的工作。 For instance, many of them are involved in building schools and hospitals for the local people where they have their investment, and they also pay attention to the localization of labor to hire local laborers.”举例来说，他们中的许多涉及在建设学校和医院，为当地人民，他们有他们的投资，和他们还注重本地化的劳动聘用本地劳动者“ 。

To illustrate his thesis of China’s corporate responsibility in Africa, Guang pointed out that Chinese companies doing business in Africa have created a record number of 70 thousand jobs.为了说明他的论断，中国的企业责任在非洲，广指出，中国公司做生意，在非洲创造了一个纪录人数7.0万就业机会。 He also cited the case of China National Petroleum Company (CNPC), the leading company in Africa which began its first report on corporate responsibility since 2006.他还列举了案件，中国石油天然气公司（中油集团） ，领先的公司在非洲开始其第一份报告，就公司责任，自2006年。 “If they want to be good competitors in the market, they will have to fulfill better their corporate responsibilities,” Guang concluded. “如果他们要成为良好的竞争者在市场上，他们将有更好的履行他们的企业责任， ”广得出的结论。

China’s corporate responsibility and investment in Africa are largely facilitated by the flow of capital in the form of Foreign Direct Investment.中国的企业责任和在非洲的投资主要是促进了资本流动在形式的外国直接投资。 Besides its record $7600 billion worth of investment in Africa, FDI is spreading across dozens of African countries as Chinese companies expand their search for raw materials in Africa.除了它的纪录七万六千亿美元价值在非洲的投资，外国直接投资正在蔓延全国几十个非洲国家作为中国公司扩大其搜寻的原料是在非洲。 In recent years, China’s largest acquisitions have been in Africa.近年来，中国最大的收购已在非洲。 The monumental $5.5 billion offer by the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) to buy 20.5 percent share in South Africa’s Standard Bank is proof of this South-South economic vibrancy.纪念五十五亿元，提供由工业和商业，中国银行（工行）购买20.5 ％的市场份额，在南非的标准银行是证明了这一点，南南经济的活力。 This deal between the largest bank in China, and the largest bank in Africa seeks to establish what Jacko Maree, Standard Bank Chief Executive calls a “financial services gate way” linking these two regions.这项协议之间最大的银行在中国，最大的银行在非洲的目的是确定什么样的杰克逊maree ， Standard Bank的行政长官称为“金融服务闸门的方式”连接这两个地区。

In an effort to strengthen this flow of financial capital and promote what analysts call a “go out” policy, Beijing has encouraged state-owned banks to look for overseas acquisitions in order to gain expertise and improve China’s relatively unsophisticated banking system.在努力加强这流动的金融资本和促进分析家呼吁“走出去”的政策，北京一直鼓励国有独资商业银行寻求海外收购，以便获得的专业知识和改善中国的相对落后的银行体系。 In this regard, the Chinese Export-Import Bank (EXIM Bank), China’s biggest Africa-related lender, said by the end of the first half of 2007, it had authorized loans worth $13.3 billion for African projects and had disbursed half of that money.在这方面，中国进出口银行（进出口银行） ，中国最大的与非洲有关的贷款人表示，到去年底2007年上半年，它已授权的企业贷款，值133亿美元用于非洲项目，并已支付了一半钱。 This is the financial muscle which Beijing is flexing in Africa, pricking the conscience of the West and in the process provoking hostile criticisms.这是财政肌肉，其中北京是伸缩在非洲，刺良心的西方和在这个过程中挑起敌对的批评。

These criticisms as they continue to grow fall on deaf ears as China remains defiant and unwilling to let go of its gains and prospects in Africa.这些批评，因为他们继续增长，秋天就充耳不闻，因为中国仍然是违抗和不愿放过它的收益和前景在非洲。 Observes William Wallis, “for Africa’s traditional allies in the West, which as recently as the 2006 Summit of industrialized nations at Gleneagles were overhauling their own commitment to the continent, the terrain has shifted.观察威廉沃利斯“ ，为非洲的传统的西方盟国，最近在2006年首脑会议的工业化国家在格伦伊格尔斯被检修自己的承诺，大陆，地形已转移。 Chinese funding of infrastructure, trade and development in Africa has grown to rival theirs, surpassing lending by multilateral agencies such as the World Bank and IMF.” Continued he, “the unmatched firing power of Chinese state companies and their willingness to secure supplies at all cost are at the same time driving competitors away,” Wallis affirms emphatically.中国的资金基础设施，贸易和非洲的发展，已经成长为他们的竞争对手，超过贷款的多边机构如世界银行和国际货币基金组织“ 。继续他”无可匹敌的发射功率的中国国有企业和愿意安全用品在所有成本是在同一时间，驾驶的竞争对手消失， “瓦利斯申明强调。

The physical impact of China’s presence is seen in the transformation of the African landscape through infrastructural development and technology transfer.身体的影响，中国的存在被认为是在转型，非洲的景观，通过基础设施开发和技术转让。 This infrastructural transformation is considered vital to the economic development of Africa which had before now been hampered by the absence of infrastructure.这基建转型被认为是至关重要的非洲经济发展了，现在受到阻碍缺乏基础设施。 The most significant developments in the infrastructural and technological history of modern Africa took place with the coming of China.最重要的事态发展，在基础设施和技术的历史，现代非洲发生的与未来的中国。 Among these achievements are the Chinese constructed TAN-ZAM railway line in Southern Africa, a hydroelectric dam in Ghana and a mobile phone network in Ethiopia.其中这些成就的取得，是中国兴建的潭zam铁路线在南部非洲，水电站大坝在加纳和移动电话网络在埃塞俄比亚。 China helped Nigeria in launching its satellite into space, one of the rare technological successes in sub-Saharan Africa.中国帮助尼日利亚在其发射卫星进入太空，其中一个罕见的科技成就，在撒哈拉以南非洲地区。 These gigantic achievements add to the list of roads, railways, bridges, dams, hospitals, airports, schools stadiums and legislative building constructed by Chinese engineers.这些巨大的成就，添加到列表的道路，铁路，桥梁，水坝，医院，机场，学校，体育场馆和立法建设所兴建的中国工程师。

Except for the skeptics, there is unanimous agreement that China’s part in infrastructure development could help open up the continent and make business more competitive.除持怀疑态度，有一致认为，中国的一部分，在基础设施的发展可以帮助打开了大陆和作出商业更具竞争力。 It also leads to the transfer of technology which holds long term economic benefits for the continent.它也导致了转让技术的拥有长远的经济利益，为大陆。 “Chinese companies are not only investing in Senegal, but transferring technology, training and know-how to Senegal at the same time. “中国企业不仅是投资在塞内加尔，但转让技术，培训和技术诀窍，以塞内加尔在同一时间内。 China which has fought its own battles to modernize has a much greater sense of the personal urgency of development in Africa than many western nations.” Said Senegalese President Abdoulage wade.中国已打自己的仗，以现代化，有一个更大的责任感，紧迫感，个人的发展在非洲比许多西方国家。说： “塞内加尔总统瓦德abdoulage 。 “Today…economic relations are based more on mutual need and the economic reality that the EU and US cannot compete with China,” Wade said. “今天…经济关系的基础是更多的相互需要和经济现实，即欧盟和美国不能与中国竞争， ”韦德说。

President Wade is one of the several African leaders who have given a warm embrace to Chinese trade, investment and infrastructural development.瓦德总统就是其中的几位非洲领导人谁给予了热情的怀抱，以中国的贸易，投资和基建发展。 In praise of Chinese infrastructure, Wade contends firmly that “these are improvements …that stay in Africa and raise the standards of living for millions of Africans, not just an elite few.” The vocal Wade has on many occasions juxtaposed Chinese benevolence with western hypocrisy towards Africa.在称赞中国的基础设施，韦德争辩坚定地指出： “这些都是改善…说，留在非洲和提高人民生活水平为以百万计的非洲人，不只是少数精英”声乐韦德曾多次并列中国善与西方的虚伪对非洲的。 “If Europe does not want to provide funding for African infrastructure- it pledged $15 billion under the Cotonou Agreement eight years ago; the Chinese are ready to take up the task, move rapidly and at less cost.” In Wade’s words, China has lessons to offer both Africa and Europe. “如果欧洲不希望提供资金，为非洲的基础设施，它承诺的150亿美元，根据科托努协定八年前中国人是随时准备采取行动的任务，迅速行动，并以更低的成本。 ”在韦德的话，中国有教训，同时提供非洲和欧洲。 “Not just Africa but the West itself has much to learn from China. “不只是非洲，但西部地区本身也学到很多东西，来自中国。 It is time for the West to practice what it preaches about the value of market incentives,” Wade wagged at the West.现在是时候为西部地区的实践是什么，它宣扬约的价值，市场诱因， “韦德wagged在西。

How strong is the “Third World Order”? 有多强，是“第三次世界秩序” ？

Despite western outcry about Sino-Africa economic cooperation, there is abundant evidence to suggest that these fears are highly exaggerated.尽管西方哗然中非洲的经济合作，有丰富的证据表明，这些担心是夸大了高度评价。 China’s trade, loans and infrastructural projects have been the central objects and targets of criticism.中国的贸易，贷款和基建工程一直是中央的对象和目标的批评。 China is blamed for flooding African markets, destabilizing local economies and selling goods of inferior quality to Africans.中国是造成水患的非洲市场，破坏当地经济和售卖货品劣质非洲人。 China’s loans are said to overlook human rights abuses and thus encourage corruption in Africa.中国的贷款是说，忽视侵犯人权和腐败，从而鼓励在非洲。 The West also frets about China’s closeness with oil and mineral rich countries in Africa such as Sudan and Zimbabwe and its military connections with these rogue and pariah states.西方也frets对中国的亲近与石油和矿产丰富的非洲国家如苏丹和津巴布韦的军事联系，与这些流氓和贱民国家。 Chinese infrastructure projects in the continent are also predicted to end up as white elephant projects.中国基础设施项目，在大陆还预测，到年底，作为大白象工程。

How justified these claims are, remains an object of intense debate.如何合理的这些索赔的，仍然是一个对象了激烈的辩论。 This debate notwithstanding, it could be grossly misleading to assume that this alliance goes without friction.这次辩论尽管如此，它可严重误导以为这个联盟是不言而喻的摩擦。 Available evidence also suggests that western estimates about the scale of Chinese expansion in Africa is more apparent than real and China has not (yet) gone the distance it is believed to have covered in Africa.现有的证据还表明，西方估计约的规模扩大中国在非洲是更加明显多于实际和中国并没有（但）经历了距离，这是相信已涵盖在非洲。

Thabo Mbeki, South African President and one of the leading figures in African diplomacy was one of the many Africans to raise concerns about unguided optimism in Sino-African relations.塔博姆贝基，南非总统和领导者之一的数字，在非洲的外交是其中的许多非洲人提出关注制导乐观，在中非关系。 He is considered as the most prominent case of African “push-back” when it comes to dealing with China, especially in the area of trade.他被认为是最突出的案件非洲的“推回” ，当谈到与中国打交道，特别是在贸易领域。 “The challenge is that you could develop a relationship between China and African states which in reality isn’t different from the relationship that developed between Africa and the former colonial powers,” Mbeki warned. “所面临的挑战是，你可以发展之间的关系，中国和非洲国家在现实中是没有什么不同的关系，发达国家之间的非洲和前殖民国家， ”姆贝基总统警告。

As proof of his determination to restrain China’s unbridled trade advances, Mbeki’s government imposed quotas for Chinese textiles in an effort to revive and protect South Africa’s staggering garment industry which is threatened by cheap Chinese textiles.作为证明他的决心来约束中国的肆无忌惮的贸易进展，但姆贝基总统的政府施加配额的中国纺织品在努力恢复和保护南非的惊人的制衣业，这是威胁，廉价的中国纺织品。 Mbeki’s move was a warning signal to China, and a lesson for the rest of Africa on how to deal with the “new guest.” Mr. Mbeki had earlier warned that African states run the risk of getting stuck in “an unequal relationship” with China.姆贝基总统的动议是一个警告信号，中国和教训，至于其余的非洲就如何处理“新客户” 。先生姆贝基此前警告说，非洲国家运行的风险越来越停留在“一个不平等的关系“与中国的。

Recent anti-Chinese protests in Zambia in 2006 also point to the fragility of this alliance.最近的反中国抗议，在赞比亚在2006年还指出，脆弱的这一联盟。 Poor safety conditions left 50 workers dead in a Chinese owned mine where 55 workers had earlier fallen ill from poisoning in 2003.穷人的安全生产条件的50名工人离开死在中国的国有矿山有55工人较早前曾病倒从中毒在2003年。 The Chinese-owned Chambisi copper smelter has been the scene of repeated strike actions as African workers clamor for better pay and improved working conditions.中国国有chambisi铜冶炼厂已被现场的反复的罢工行动，作为非洲工人的鼓噪，为更好的薪资和工作条件的改善。 Michael Sata, the opposition leader in Zambia accused China of transforming Zambia into what he called a “dumpling ground for their human beings.” Zambia’s capital Lusaka holds about 30.000 Chinese who are often viewed with scorn as exploiters especially as they pick up jobs from street hawking to industrial manufacturing.迈克尔的SATA ，反对党领导人在赞比亚指责中国赞比亚转化成他所谓的“饺子地面为他们的人” 。赞比亚首都卢萨卡举行约30.000中国谁是往往被认为与鄙薄作为剥削，特别是作为他们拿起职位从街头贩卖的工业制造业。 This is a growing phenomenon throughout Africa as William Wallis observes “it is possible to find Chinese foot massage parlors in Chad, doughnut hawkers in Cameroon and vegetable producers in Khartoum’s market”这是一个成长的现象，在整个非洲作为威廉沃利斯观察： “这是有可能找到中国足部按摩厅，在乍得，甜甜圈小贩在喀麦隆和蔬菜生产者在喀土穆的市场”

Elsewhere in the continent African leaders are caught between embracing a new comer and retaining traditional alliances.其他地方在非洲大陆的非洲领导人正在夹缝中概括性的一个新的后起之秀，并保留传统的联盟。 Nigeria, one of America’s biggest oil suppliers in Africa is moving towards China with a lot of caution.尼日利亚之一，美国最大的石油供应商在非洲正在走向中国与很多谨慎。 Nigeria has made it clear that China will have to face competition from western energy companies and also national companies from India, South Korea and Malaysia.尼日利亚已明确表示，中国将不得不面对竞争，从西方能源公司和本国公司也从印度，韩国和马来西亚。 “Nigeria had been keen to cooperate with the Chinese in oil and gas but the government hasn’t given them the level of special treatment the Chinese would have wanted,” says Dapo Odesanya. “尼日利亚已激烈的合作，与中国在石油和天然气，但政府却没有给予他们水平的特殊待遇，中国将有希望，说： ” dapo odesanya 。 Despite China’s overtures her citizens have been caught up in the spade of kidnappings that characterize the volatile Niger Delta region.尽管中国的序曲她的公民，已赶上了，在铲绑架的特点是挥发性尼日尔三角洲地区。 Ethiopian rebels also killed nine Chinese oil workers in the Ogaden region in April 2007埃塞俄比亚反政府武装还打死9名中国石油工人在欧加登地区在2007年4月

In the oil sector where dissenting voices are loudest, facts and numbers on the ground tell a different story.在石油部门的地方反对的声音是最响的，事实和数字在地面上告诉一个不同的故事。 Chinese national oil companies produced about 267.000 barrels of oil equivalent a day in Africa only one third of the amount produced by Exxon Mobil the largest foreign producer in the continent.中国国家油公司生产的约267.000亿桶油当量，每天在非洲只有三分之一的金额所产生的埃克森美孚最大的外国生产者在非洲大陆。 Being a late comer, Chinese oil companies still stagger behind western oil giants in Africa.作为一个后期的后起之秀，中国石油企业仍然错开背后的西方石油巨头在非洲。 In 2006, Africa accounted for only 8.7% of China’s total oil imports as compared with 36% for the EU and 33% for the US These western oil interests together with their home governments which cry out loud against China continue to enjoy the advantage of time, space and efficiency in the African oil market.在2006年，非洲占只有8.7 ％ ，占中国石油进口量相比， 36 ％为欧盟和33 ％为美国这些西方石油公司的利益，连同他们的家，其中政府的哭出来，对中国继续享有优势对时间，空间和效率，在非洲石油市场。 “While keeping an eye out on China,” says Firose Manji, “Africans should not be distracted from paying attention to the West’s continued exploitation of the continent including the use of military might to protect its economic interests.” “的同时，兼顾了对中国，说： ” firose manji ， “非洲人不应该分心，从注重西方的继续剥削非洲大陆，包括使用军事实力，以保护其经济利益” 。

Firosi maintains strongly that China is still a small player in Africa when compared with others from the West and elsewhere. firosi保持强烈，中国仍然是一个小球员在非洲时，与其他人相比，从西方和其他地方。 She insists that Asian players such as India, Singapore and Malaysia are stronger powers in Africa in terms of FDI.她坚持认为，亚洲球员，如印度，新加坡和马来西亚是强大的权力，在非洲的外国直接投资的条款。 These countries are the principal sources of FDI to Africa.这些国家的主要来源，非洲的外国直接投资。 On the other hand, when put together, the entire flow of FDI from Asia is completely eclipsed by that from the capitalist West.在另一方面，当放在一起，整个外国直接投资的流入从亚洲是完全掩盖，从西方资本主义。 Borrowing from UNDP figures of 2007, Firosi compares the amount of western investment in Africa with that of China.借贷来自开发计划署的数字， 2007年， firosi比较金额西方在非洲的投资与中国的。 As of 2003, the UK possessed $30 billion worth of FDI stock in Africa, the US $19 billion, France $11.5billion and Germany $5.5 billion.截至2003年，英国拥有价值300亿美元的外国直接投资存量在非洲， 190亿美元，法国为11.5billion和德国的55亿美元。 China trailed behind with only 3% of its FDI destined for Africa while 53% of Chinese FDI went to Asia.中国落后的背后，只有3 ％ ，其外国直接投资的目的地为非洲，而53 ％的中国的外国直接投资到亚洲。 Though recent estimates show that China has closed this gap to become Africa’s third trading partner, it highlights the contention that western criticisms have been based more on fear than fact.虽然最近的估计显示，中国已关闭这一差距成为非洲的第三大贸易伙伴，它突出了争论，西方的批评，已基于更多的恐惧比的事实。

Another emerging phenomenon which has the possibility of intensifying the existing crack in Sino-African relations is the problem of migration.另一种新兴的现象，有可能加剧现有的裂纹在中非关系是移民问题。 Population movements between China and Africa have increased steadily since the 1990s.人口流动之间的中国和非洲有稳步增加， 20世纪90年代以来。 While the estimated 900 thousand Chinese migrant workers in Africa invade jobs ranging from agriculture through street peddling to industry, it is a different situation for Africans in China.而估计90.0万中国民工在非洲的侵略工作从农业通过街头兜售工业，这是一个不同的情况，为非洲人在中国。 These Africans who live under the constant fear of deportation are subjected to color prejudice in the job market where teaching is their only option.这些非洲人谁下生活，不断担心被驱逐出境，受到颜色的偏见在就业市场上哪里教学是他们唯一的选择。 To secure these jobs and keep them, are the twin challenges facing African migrant workers in a society where “native speakers” are preferred irrespective of academic or professional qualifications.以确保这些职位，并让他们，是孪生面临的挑战，非洲移徙工人的社会里， “母语”是首选，不论学历或专业资格。 Obtaining and or renewing work visas for Africans is the mother of all problems, besides discriminatory salaries they receive on basis of their color.获取和或延长工作签证是非洲人的母亲所有的问题，除了歧视性的薪酬，他们接受的基础上，他们的颜色。 For many of these educated Africans, driven from home by harsh poverty and uncertainty and wandering in a wilderness of thorny discrimination, Sino-African cooperation remains a farce.对于许多这类教育的非洲人，被赶出家园苛刻的贫困和不确定性和游荡在野外，棘手的歧视，中非合作仍然是一出闹剧。

Conclusion 结论

The tussle between the two rival blocs in Africa reached climax when the World Bank which has exercised unrivalled, albeit counter-productive control over Africa before the coming of China, started calling for the latter to be more transparent about its African plans.该之间的争斗两个竞争对手集团在非洲达成的高潮时，世界银行已行使无可匹敌的，尽管有反效果的控制权之前，非洲未来的中国，开始要求后者更加透明，有关其非洲的计划。 Earlier in 2006, Paul Wolferwitz, then President of the Bank accused China for ignoring human rights and environmental standards when lending to Africa.较早前在2006年，保罗wolferwitz ，然后银行主席指责中国无视人权和环境标准时，贷款给非洲。 Bob Geldof, the Live 8 campaigner also warned that attempts to stamp out corruption in Africa risk being undermined by soft loans and naked mercantilism from China.鲍伯盖朵夫， Live 8慈善运动也警告说，企图以杜绝腐败现象在非洲面临被削弱的软贷款和赤裸裸的重商来自中国。

When the World Bank, the backbone of globalization joined this fray on the side of the West, it unvealed the significance of this rivalry in the geopolitics of the 21st century.当世界银行，骨干全球化的加入了这个fray对一侧西， unvealed的意义，这种竞争在地缘政治的二十一世纪。 In response, China has challenged the credibility of the World Bank.在回应，中国已提出质疑的公信力，世界银行的代表。 “The World Bank always wants countries to join them and follow their processes. “世界银行总是希望国家加入他们，并按照他们的进程。 But is the record of the World Bank so good?” asks Zhong Jianhua, China’s Ambassador to South Africa.但是记录世界银行的那么好？ “要求钟建华，中国驻南非。 “To work together is good. “一起工作是好的。 But you do not expect others to follow instructions” he affirmed.但你不要指望别人的指示“ ，他肯定的。

Behind the shadows of this war of words is the emerging “African renaissance” declared by President Thabo Mbeki in 2000.背后的阴影，这场战争的话，是新兴的“非洲复兴”宣布由总统姆贝基在2000年。 Its symbolic instruments- African Union and NEPAD attest to Africa’s resolve to take its destiny into its own hands.其象征意义的文书-非洲联盟和非洲发展新伙伴关系证明了非洲的决心采取其掌握自己的命运。 It also confirms Africa’s right to carve out its own path and shun what Coral Walsh calls “finger-wagging lectures from their former colonial masters.” Former South African President Nelson Mandela reminds African leaders of the need to pick their friends with utmost care as this might prove to be a decisive moment for Africa.它也证实了非洲的权利，瓜分其自身的路径和信什么珊瑚沃尔什所谓的“手指wagging讲座，从他们的前殖民地的主人。 ”南非前总统纳尔逊曼德拉提醒非洲国家领导人认识到必须挑选他们的朋友与谨慎因为这可能会被证明是一个决定性的时刻，为非洲国家。 “Africa is beyond bemoaning the past,” Mandela said. “非洲是超越bemoaning过去， ”曼德拉说。 “The task of undoing that past is on the shoulders of African leaders themselves, with the support of those willing to join in a continental renewal. “的任务，打倒过去是对的肩膀上，非洲领导人本身，支持下，与那些愿意加入在大陆重建。 We have a new generation of leaders who know that Africa must take responsibility for its own destiny, that Africa will uplift itself only by its own efforts in partnership with those who wish it well.”我们有一个新的一代领导人谁知道，非洲必须承担责任，掌握自己的命运，非洲将隆起本身只有通过自己的努力，建立伙伴关系，与那些谁想好“ 。

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