Introduction 導言

Africa’s rise to prominence in the geopolitics of the 21st century is explained largely by the renewal of great power interest in the region of the world once dismissed as the “forgotten continent.” This great power concern reproduces the same power-play which is reminiscent of the Cold War when inter-locking and overlapping interests of great powers significantly shaped the outlook of international politics.非洲的崛起，突出了在地緣政治的二十一世紀將是解釋，主要是由重建大國的利益，在世界各地區曾一度被視為“遺忘的大陸” ，這大國的關注抄錄了同樣的權力-這是發揮想起冷戰時，跨鎖定和重疊的利益的大國，形成了顯著的面貌，國際政治。 The end of the Cold War and the subsequent demise of the Soviet Union gave rise to a new environment which President George HW Bush called a “New World Order” in 1990.冷戰結束戰爭和隨後的消亡，蘇聯產生了一個新的環境，總統老布什所謂的“世界新秩序”在1990年。 This new World Order or globalization as it came to be called, saw the expansion of capitalism across regional and continental boundaries at the expense of its reeling rival, communism.這個新的世界秩序或全球化，因為它來到被稱為，看到了資本主義的擴張跨越區域和大陸的分界不惜犧牲其繅絲的競爭對手，共產主義。

Barely a decade after President Bush’s ordination of a new global environment, another world order was gradually emerging.僅僅十年後，布什總統的統籌一個新的全球環境，另一個的世界秩序正在逐步形成。 This “Third World Order” as it has also been named, is championed by a rising eastern giant, China.這“第三條的世界秩序” ，因為它也被命名，這是倡導的上升東區巨人，中國。 The unprecedented rise of China as an economic power capable of steering the course of the global economy provides a credible alternative to the western-driven concept of globalization.前所未有的中國的崛起成為一個經濟強國，有能力的督導過程中，全球經濟提供了一個可信的替代西方主導的全球化的概念。 The imagined rivalry between these two power blocs is the concern of this article.該想像之爭這兩個大國集團是關注的這篇文章。

In the course of expending its economic and political power, China has embraced Africa in an economic alliance which is proving to be worrisome to the West.在這個過程中花費其經濟和政治權力，中國擁抱非洲在經濟聯盟的證明是令人擔憂的向西方。 Africa on its part, hit by the pressures of globalization and frustration following several centuries of unrewarding ties with the West has been more than enthusiastic in courting with China.非洲就其一部分，受全球化的壓力和挫折感以下幾個世紀的吃力不討好的關係，與西方已超過熱衷於討好中國。 This Sino-African alliance is at the core of the “Third World Order” which China is today leading.這是中非聯盟的核心是“第三個世界秩序” ，這是中國今天的領導。 The impact of this alliance is conjured in the words of William Wallis.的影響，這個聯盟是conjured在的話，威廉沃利斯。 “The contours of a new order are still being drawn, but China’s growing stake in the continent has already shaken up an old and fraying one dominated by cautious western donors and former colonial powers” “輪廓一種新的秩序仍然是正在制定的，但中國日益增長的股權，在大陸已動搖了1歲和1磨損為主的謹慎西方捐助者和前殖民國家”

Prelude to the “Third World Order” 前奏的“第三條的世界秩序”

Modern Sino-African cooperation or the “Third World Order,” is the full-blown stage of a relationship that traces its history as far beak as the 10th century and beyond.現代中非合作或“第三的世界秩序” ，這是充分吹階段，這種關係的痕跡，它的歷史，據嘴作為10世紀和以後。 To fast forward this story, the most convenient and agreeable point from which to pick up an analysis of this relationship is the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.快速向前這個故事，最方便和同意，這點從回升的分析，這種關係是成立的中國人民共和國於1949年。 This period which was largely characterized by the politics of the Cold War, saw the young communist China struggling against the odds of western capitalist domination.此期間，這主要特點是政治的冷戰，看到年輕的中國共產主義作鬥爭的機率西方資本主義的統治。 The shared historical, economic and cultural experiences between China and Africa marked the beginning of what Chairman Mao Ze Dong called a “Third World alliance” against western oppression.共同的歷史，經濟和文化之間的經驗，中國和非洲標誌著什麼主席毛澤東稱為“第三次世界聯盟”對西方的壓迫。

As China and Russia struggled to battle against the forces of capitalism in the Cold War, Africa became a theatre for this fray.作為中國和俄羅斯的掙扎對抗的力量，資本主義在冷戰時期，非洲成為一個劇院為這個行列。 The resultant “proxy wars” in the continent provided an opportunity for China and Russia to extend military assistance to anti-colonial forces throughout Africa.由此產生的“代理人戰爭”在非洲大陸提供了一個機會，為中國和俄羅斯擴大軍事援助，以反殖民勢力在整個非洲。 During this period of massive Sino-Soviet military assistance to Africa, economic considerations were minimal.在此期間，大量的中蘇聯的軍事力量對非洲的援助，經濟上的考慮甚微。 The relationship was shaped largely by ideological and strategic imperatives which were the defining features of the Cold War.關係形成的，主要是由思想和戰略的必要性，其中界定的特點冷戰。

China gained another significant edge in Africa following disputes with Russia over the leadership of the communist world and differences over the international orientation of communism.中國取得的又一重大優勢，在非洲的下列糾紛，與俄羅斯領導的共產主義世界和分歧，國際共產主義的前進方向。 The Sino-Soviet split as this difference came to be known, gave China considerable leverage to carve out its own “sphere of influence” in Africa.中蘇分裂，因為這種差異後來被稱為了中國相當大的槓桿作用，以開拓自己的“勢力範圍”是在非洲。 A practical manifestation of this Sino-Soviet gulf was seen in the nature of assistance given to the liberation forces in Zimbabwe in the 1970s.一個實際的表現，這中蘇關係海灣被認為是在援助的性質考慮到解放力量在津巴布韋在20世紀70年代。 While China offered training to Zimbabwean guerillas in the manner of a People’s army, Russia did it in the light of a regular army.而中國所提供的訓練津巴布韋游擊隊在該地一個人民的軍隊，俄羅斯沒有在根據正規軍。 This difference not withstanding, the bottom line remained the struggle against western oppression of what China saw as “the masses of the third world.” In this military connection, Soviet arm sales to Africa rose from US $150 billion in the 1960s to US $2.5 billion in the 1970s.這種差異不頂住，底線仍是鬥爭的西方壓迫的中國看到了什麼是“群眾的第三次世界”在此軍事方面，蘇聯武裝銷售到非洲上升到1500億美元，在20世紀60年代到25億美元在20世紀70年代。 China on her part, sold $142 billon worth of military equipment to Africa between 1955 and 1977中國對她的一部分，出售一四二美元億元的軍事裝備，非洲之間的1955年和1977年

Besides the Sino-soviet split, China reaped considerable diplomatic gains in Africa with the waning of Moscow’s influence due largely to the growing dissention within the Russian empire.除了中蘇關係的分裂，中國外交取得了相當大的收益在非洲與減弱莫斯科的影響力，主要原因是越來越多dissention與俄羅斯帝國。 When Russia ceased to exert any significant influence in Africa, this vacuum was immediately filled by China.當俄羅斯不再施加任何重大影響，在非洲，這一真空，立即填補中國。 This diplomatic triumph was followed up on three major fronts-economic, diplomatic and technical.這是外交的勝利，隨訪3個主要方面-經濟，外交和技術。 Sustained dialogue through an unbroken chain of visits by Chinese officials to Africa has remained the strong point of China’s diplomatic offensive.持續的對話，透過一個完整的鏈條訪問中國官員到非洲仍然是強烈的一點中國的外交攻勢。 Way back in the 1960s, Premier Zhou En Lai vowed to support African people in what he called “their struggle to oppose imperialism and old and new [forms of] colonialism and to win and safe guard national independence”早在六十年代，週總理恩賴發誓要支持非洲人民在他所謂的“他們的鬥爭，反對帝國主義和新老[形式]殖民主義和爭取和安全防範民族獨立”

This spirit of cooperation, fraternity and support constitutes the foundation of modern Sino-African alliance, an illustration of Third World and South-South cooperation.這種合作精神，友愛和支持構成的基礎，現代中非洲聯盟，說明了第三次世界合作和南南合作。 It was re-echoed in 2006 in a policy document which Beijing called “China’s Africa Policy.” This document called for “sincerity, equality, mutual benefit and common development,” and emphasized the need for a beneficial “cultural exchange” between China and Africa.這是重新呼應2006年在一份政策文件，北京的所謂“中國的非洲政策。 ”這份文件呼籲“的誠意，平等，互惠互利，共同發展” ，並強調需要一個有益的“文化交流”之間中國和非洲。 This is the strength of the “Third world Order” that faces the “New World Order” in the 21st century.這是實力的“第三次世界秩序”所面臨的“世界新秩序”在二十一世紀。

The economic foundations of the “Third World Order” 經濟基礎的“第三次世界秩序”

The concept of globalization is rooted mainly on the economic strength and expansion of capital.全球化的概念是根深蒂固的，主要是對經濟實力和擴大資本。 As agreed by Bonaglia, Pinaud and Wegner, globalization comprises entirely of “the deepening of financial and trade integration associated with technological progress and multilateral liberalization.” So too is the economic regime of the “Third World Order.” Sino-African economic cooperation involves several facets, the most important among them being trade, investment, aid and infrastructure development.同意bonaglia ，皮諾和韋格納，全球化的組成完全是“深化金融和貿易一體化相關的技術進步和多邊自由化。 ”也是如此，是經濟制度的“第三條的世界秩序。 ”中非經濟合作涉及幾個層面，其中最重要的被貿易，投資，援助和基礎設施的發展。 Among these, trade has a pride of place and a long history in this alliance.其中，貿易有一個驕傲的地方，和悠久的歷史，在這個聯盟。 When China started buying cotton from Egypt in 1956 very few observers could foresee a possible Chinese trade domination of the entire continent in less than half a century.當中國開始購買棉花，從埃及於1956年，極少數觀察員可以預見一個可能的中國貿易的統治，整個非洲大陸在不到半世紀。

Today, China imports a wide range of commodities from Africa.今天，中國進口各種各樣的商品來自非洲。 These include oil, iron ore, cotton, diamonds, logs and several other minerals.這些措施包括石油，鐵礦石，棉花，鑽石，原木和其他幾個礦物。 African agricultural products which have suffered from the cruelty of globalization now find profitable markets in China.非洲農產品遭受的殘酷全球化的現在，尋找有利可圖的市場在中國。 Burkina Faso, Benin and Mali provide China with 20 percent of its cotton imports.布基那法索，貝寧和馬里向中國提供20 ％的棉花進口。 The Ivory Coast and Ghana are important sources of cocoa and Kenya sells large quantities of coffee beans and tea to China.象牙海岸和加納的重要來源可可和肯尼亞銷售了大量的咖啡豆和茶葉到中國。 Namibia provides large shipments of fish and fishmeal.納米比亞提供了大量出貨的魚類和魚粉。

The figures about China-Africa trade illustrate the depth of this economic cooperation.數字介紹了中國-非洲貿易說明的深度，這經濟合作。 This trade rose by 700% in the 1990s.這貿易額增長了700 ％ ，在20世紀90年代。 In 1999, the trade volume stood at US $6.5 billion.在1999年，貿易額為65億美元。 From 2002 to 2003, trade doubled to US $18.5 billion.從2002年到2003年，貿易翻了一番，達到185億美元。 In 2005, it stood at US $39.7 billion and again jumped to US$50 billion in 2006.在2005年，它為美國39700000000美元和再次躍升至500億美元，在2006年。 A year later in 2007, it rose to $55 billion.一年後在2007年，則上升到550億美元。 In February 2008, Chinese Premier Wen Jia Bao optimistically predicted that Sino-African trade would reach $100 billion in 2010 removing China from its current third position into being Africa’s first trading partner.在2008年2月，中國國務院總理溫家寶樂觀地預言，中非貿易將達到1000億美元，在2010年取消從中國目前的第三位，正在成為非洲的第一貿易夥伴。 “The opening of new trade and investment corridors between developing countries…confirmed as a growing phenomenon in UN figures…is a discovering sight for the old powers,” says Conal Walsh. “開放新的貿易和投資的走廊發展中國家之間…證實，作為一個現象日益嚴重，在聯合國的數字… …是一發現視線為舊的權力，說： ” conal沃爾什。

Trade in oil is among China’s priority areas in Africa.在石油貿易是在中國的優先領域是在非洲。 Projected to become the world’s biggest oil importer soon after 2010, China seeks to expand its foothold in the African oil sector at all cost.預計將成為世界最大的石油進口商在2010年後不久，中國旨在擴大其立足點是在非洲石油部門不惜一切代價。 In Nigeria, Africa’s largest exporter of crude, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) has paid $2.7 billion for the right to explore oil.在尼日利亞，是非洲最大出口國的原油，中國海洋石油總公司（ CNOOC ）付出了27億美元的權利，探索石油。 In Angola, China Petrochemical Corporation (SINOPEC) gained a 50% stake in the BP operated Greater Plutonic project.在安哥拉，中國石油化工集團公司（中石化）的股票上漲了50 ％的股份的BP經營的更大的深工程。 In Sudan where the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) helped develop Sudanese oil fields (in the chaotic 1990s), China receives 60% of Susan’s oil output.在蘇丹的情況下，中國石油天然氣集團公司（ CNPC ）幫助開發蘇丹油田（在混亂的20世紀90年代） ，中國獲得60 ％的Susan的石油產量。 In Somalia, CNOOC has signed a production sharing deal with the transnational government of Somalia, one of the world’s most volatile countries.在索馬里，中海油簽署了一份生產分享處理與跨國索馬里政府，其中一個是世界上最不穩定的國家。 China already stands on the doorsteps of Sudan, Chad, Nigeria, Angola, Algeria, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Congo, Africa’s frontline oil producers.中國已經站在門口蘇丹，乍得，尼日利亞，安哥拉，阿爾及利亞，加蓬，赤道幾內亞和剛果共和國，非洲的石油生產國的前線。

In the mineral sector, China stretches its hands very far into Africa.在礦產部門，中國延伸至其手中的很遠，到非洲。 President Hu jintao’s inauguration of an African economic and Trade Zone during his Africa tour of 2007 is proof of China’s emerging monopoly in the mineral trade in Africa.胡錦濤主席的就職典禮的一非洲經濟和貿易區，在他非洲之行2007年證明了中國新興的壟斷，在礦產品貿易在非洲。 The Chinese –controlled Chambisi Copper Smelter in Zambia is at the heart of this economic zone and is a joint venture between China Nonferrous Metal Mining (CNMC) and Yunnan Copper Industry (YNCIG).中國人控制的chambisi銅冶煉廠在贊比亞的核心是這個經濟區是一個合資企業之間的中國有色金屬礦業（ cnmc ）和雲南銅業（ yncig ） 。 China also lays claims on vast mineral resources in neighboring Zimbabwe where President Robert Mugabe, spited by the west, has passionately embraced a “look east policy” with inspiration from China.中國還規定，索賠對廣大的礦產資源在鄰國津巴布韋總統穆加貝， spited由西，熱情擁抱了“面向東方政策”的靈感來自中國。

In other areas of the continent, China remains the talk of the day.在其他地區的非洲大陸，中國仍然是談一天。 In Angola, China outbid Brazil in 2005 for the sight to tap into iron ore deposits.在安哥拉，中國的出價巴西在2005年為觀光進軍鐵礦床。 In the Democratic Republic of Congo, China struck a deal last year with 8 $ billion dollars which gives China 68 percent stake in Grecamines, the state copper mining company and costs would be repaid in minerals over 30 years.在剛果民主共和國，中國是一個處理去年8美元， 10億美元，這給中國68 ％的股份， grecamines ，國家銅的礦業公司和費用將償還的礦物質超過30年。 In the Ivory Coast, China exercises control over a manganese mine at Lozoua where it exports manganese to the Chinese market.在象牙海岸，中國演習的控制權錳礦在lozoua而錳出口到中國市場。 In Gabon the state owned China National Machinery & equipment Import & Export Corporation struck a $ 3 billon deal to mine Iron ore in Belinga.在加蓬國有中國國家機械設備進出口公司是一個300億處理，以礦山鐵礦石在貝林加。 In Mauritania, China’s Transtech Industry (together with a Sudanese company) agreed to invest more than $600 million in the construction of a railway line in exchange for an estimated 165m tons of phosphate used in the production of fertilizers.在毛里塔尼亞，中國的transtech業（連同一名蘇丹公司）同意投資6億美元以上在建造一條鐵路線在換取估計165米噸磷酸鹽用於生產化肥。 While China imports cobalt from the DR Congo, South Africa remains China’s largest supplier of ore and manganese.而中國的進口鈷從剛果民主共和國，南非仍然是中國的最大供應地礦和錳礦。 China’s push into the African mineral market continues to grow despite western outcry.中國的進軍非洲礦產市場繼續增長，儘管西方嘩然。

Besides trade in oil, minerals, agriculture and manufactured goods, aid is another key pillar in Sino-Africa economic cooperation.除了貿易在石油，礦產，農業和工業品，援助的另一個關鍵環節是支柱，在中非洲的經濟合作。 The most Significant difference between China’s aid to Africa and that of the west is that Beijing does not attach too many strings and “conditionalities” on its loan packages.最顯著性差異，中國對非洲的援助，以及對西方的是，北京並不重視，太多的弦樂團及“條件”就其貸款的軟件包。 These “soft loans” to Africa do not follow along the lines of western bureaucracy nor do they respect the western “equator principles” of lending.這些“軟貸款” ，向非洲提供不遵循大致相同的西方官僚主義，也沒有尊重西方的“赤道原則”的貸款。 Estimates put Chinese loans to Africa at $19billion as of 2006.據估計，中國對非洲的貸款元19billion作為2006年。 These loans despite western outcry on humanitarian grounds have been seen as positive instruments for Africa’s development.這些貸款雖然西方嘩然，基於人道理由，已經被視為積極的文書為非洲的發展。 “What the Chinese are doing is taking a long term perspective of the ability to repay debts” says Donald kaberuka, President of the African Development Bank. “什麼，中國正在做的是一項長期的角度來看，有能力償還債務，說： ”唐納德卡貝魯卡，總統非洲開發銀行。 “Take a country with [a] rich subsoil that is emerging from war. “一個國家與[一]豐富的心土這是剛剛擺脫戰爭。 In terms of its static numbers it doesn’t look good.而言，其靜態的數字，它並不樂觀。 It would be a HIPC case or a grant case from the traditional donors,” he said.這將是一個重債窮國的案件或贈款案件從傳統的捐助者， “他說。 The Chinese are looking at it and saying ‘what is the capacity of this country which is not exploited?’ So they exploit that capacity, build infrastructure.中國人是看它和說， '什麼是能力，這個國家是不是剝削？ ' ，使他們利用這種能力，逐步建立基礎設施。 It is a different analysis,” Kaberuka concluded.這是一個不同的分析， “卡貝魯卡結束。

Since the 1990s, the range of Chinese investment in Africa has broadened significantly. 20世紀90年代以來，一系列的中國在非洲的投資已顯著擴大。 It has evolved from a few sectors such as resource development, including oil, agriculture and fishing to other areas such as textiles, consumer electronics, tourism telecommunications and road construction.它已演變從幾個行業，如資源開發，包括石油，農業和漁業到其他地區，如紡織品，消費類電子產品，旅遊，電訊和道路建設。 By the end of 2006, the accumulated amount of Chinese investment in Africa totaled $11.7 billion.由2006年年底，累計中國在非洲的投資總額為117億美元。 In 2005, the total Chinese Direct investment in Africa was $400 million, constituting 1.3% of total inflow of direct investment in Africa in that year.在2005年，共有中國，直接在非洲的投資是4億美元，構成了1.3 ％ ，佔總流入的直接投資在非洲，在這一年。 This investment driven by China’s booming economy is having a significant impact on Africa’s economic growth “China’s fast rising demand for commodities, spurred by industrialization is having an increasingly significant impact on world commodity markets as well as the resource rich regions of the world-particularly Africa and Latin America,” says Tamara Trush, Senior economist at Deutshe Bank.這項投資的推動下蓬勃發展的中國經濟是有一個重大的影響，非洲的經濟增長“中國的快速上升，對商品的需求，帶動工業化是有一個越來越重大的影響，世界商品市場，以及為資源豐富的地區整個世界，尤其是非洲和拉丁美洲，說： “塔瑪拉trush ，高級經濟師deutshe銀行。

Attracted by the improved political and economic climate in Africa and Africa’s untapped resources, there are currently between 800 and 900 Chinese enterprises doing business in Africa.所吸引，改善政治和經濟環境在非洲和非洲的尚未開發的資源，目前有800至900中國企業做生意，在非洲。 The pressures of globalization and liberalization have also forced many African countries to open up to the outside world, thus embracing “easy-coming” investment from Chinese companies.的壓力，全球化和自由化也迫使許多非洲國家開放，向外部世界，從而樹立“易來了”投資中國公司。 A bulk of these companies are privately owned and driven largely by commercial motivations.一大部分的這些公司是私人擁有和推動，主要是由商業動機。 These commercial motivations and their resultant constraints are some of the reasons for the rise of anti-Chinese sentiments in certain parts of Africa as workers clamor for higher wages and better working conditions.這些商業動機和其造成的限制的部分原因的崛起，反中國的情緒，在某些非洲部分地區，作為工人的鼓譟更高的工資和更好的工作條件。

In response to this budding resentment, Beijing has adopted or modified the language of “corporate social responsibility” to (re)define its economic ties with Africa.為響應這一苗頭性的不滿，北京已通過或修改的語言“企業的社會責任” （重新）確定其經濟關係，與非洲。 “For the Chinese enterprises, there is a growing awareness of this importance,” says Yang Guang, Director of the Institute of West Asian and African Studies. “對於中國企業來說，人們日益認識到這個重要性，說： ”楊光，研究所所長，西亞洲和非洲的研究。 “This is not only for Africa but they [Chinese companies] are also aware that without achieving a kind of win-win solution, without helping the local people to see the result of development, investing counties will not sustain their achievement in this continent.” Continued Guang, “so we can see especially the large scale Chinese companies, they have already begun to pay attention to this and are doing a lot of things in this regard. “這不僅是對非洲，但他們[中國公司]也知道，沒有實現一種雙贏的解決辦法，而不幫助當地人民看到的結果發展，投資，縣將不會維持其成就，在這個大陸。 “繼續廣， ”因此，我們可以看到，特別是大型的中國公司，他們已經開始注意這一點，是做了很多事情，在這方面的工作。 For instance, many of them are involved in building schools and hospitals for the local people where they have their investment, and they also pay attention to the localization of labor to hire local laborers.”舉例來說，他們中的許多涉及在建設學校和醫院，為當地人民，他們有他們的投資，和他們還注重本地化的勞動聘用本地勞動者“ 。

To illustrate his thesis of China’s corporate responsibility in Africa, Guang pointed out that Chinese companies doing business in Africa have created a record number of 70 thousand jobs.為了說明他的論斷，中國的企業責任在非洲，廣指出，中國公司做生意，在非洲創造了一個紀錄人數7.0萬就業機會。 He also cited the case of China National Petroleum Company (CNPC), the leading company in Africa which began its first report on corporate responsibility since 2006.他還列舉了案件，中國石油天然氣公司（中油集團） ，領先的公司在非洲開始其第一份報告，就公司責任，自2006年。 “If they want to be good competitors in the market, they will have to fulfill better their corporate responsibilities,” Guang concluded. “如果他們要成為良好的競爭者在市場上，他們將有更好的履行他們的企業責任， ”廣得出的結論。

China’s corporate responsibility and investment in Africa are largely facilitated by the flow of capital in the form of Foreign Direct Investment.中國的企業責任和在非洲的投資主要是促進了資本流動在形式的外國直接投資。 Besides its record $7600 billion worth of investment in Africa, FDI is spreading across dozens of African countries as Chinese companies expand their search for raw materials in Africa.除了它的紀錄七萬六千億美元價值在非洲的投資，外國直接投資正在蔓延全國幾十個非洲國家作為中國公司擴大其搜尋的原料是在非洲。 In recent years, China’s largest acquisitions have been in Africa.近年來，中國最大的收購已在非洲。 The monumental $5.5 billion offer by the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) to buy 20.5 percent share in South Africa’s Standard Bank is proof of this South-South economic vibrancy.紀念五十五億元，提供由工業和商業，中國銀行（工行）購買20.5 ％的市場份額，在南非的標準銀行是證明了這一點，南南經濟的活力。 This deal between the largest bank in China, and the largest bank in Africa seeks to establish what Jacko Maree, Standard Bank Chief Executive calls a “financial services gate way” linking these two regions.這項協議之間最大的銀行在中國，最大的銀行在非洲的目的是確定什麼樣的傑克遜maree ， Standard Bank的行政長官稱為“金融服務閘門的方式”連接這兩個地區。

In an effort to strengthen this flow of financial capital and promote what analysts call a “go out” policy, Beijing has encouraged state-owned banks to look for overseas acquisitions in order to gain expertise and improve China’s relatively unsophisticated banking system.在努力加強這流動的金融資本和促進分析家呼籲“走出去”的政策，北京一直鼓勵國有獨資商業銀行尋求海外收購，以便獲得的專業知識和改善中國的相對落後的銀行體系。 In this regard, the Chinese Export-Import Bank (EXIM Bank), China’s biggest Africa-related lender, said by the end of the first half of 2007, it had authorized loans worth $13.3 billion for African projects and had disbursed half of that money.在這方面，中國進出口銀行（進出口銀行） ，中國最大的與非洲有關的貸款人表示，到去年底2007年上半年，它已授權的企業貸款，值133億美元用於非洲項目，並已支付了一半錢。 This is the financial muscle which Beijing is flexing in Africa, pricking the conscience of the West and in the process provoking hostile criticisms.這是財政肌肉，其中北京是伸縮在非洲，刺良心的西方和在這個過程中挑起敵對的批評。

These criticisms as they continue to grow fall on deaf ears as China remains defiant and unwilling to let go of its gains and prospects in Africa.這些批評，因為他們繼續增長，秋天就充耳不聞，因為中國仍然是違抗和不願放過它的收益和前景在非洲。 Observes William Wallis, “for Africa’s traditional allies in the West, which as recently as the 2006 Summit of industrialized nations at Gleneagles were overhauling their own commitment to the continent, the terrain has shifted.觀察威廉沃利斯“ ，為非洲的傳統的西方盟國，最近在2006年首腦會議的工業化國家在格倫伊格爾斯被檢修自己的承諾，大陸，地形已轉移。 Chinese funding of infrastructure, trade and development in Africa has grown to rival theirs, surpassing lending by multilateral agencies such as the World Bank and IMF.” Continued he, “the unmatched firing power of Chinese state companies and their willingness to secure supplies at all cost are at the same time driving competitors away,” Wallis affirms emphatically.中國的資金基礎設施，貿易和非洲的發展，已經成長為他們的競爭對手，超過貸款的多邊機構如世界銀行和國際貨幣基金組織“ 。繼續他”無可匹敵的發射功率的中國國有企業和願意安全用品在所有成本是在同一時間，駕駛的競爭對手消失， “瓦利斯申明強調。

The physical impact of China’s presence is seen in the transformation of the African landscape through infrastructural development and technology transfer.身體的影響，中國的存在被認為是在轉型，非洲的景觀，通過基礎設施開發和技術轉讓。 This infrastructural transformation is considered vital to the economic development of Africa which had before now been hampered by the absence of infrastructure.這基建轉型被認為是至關重要的非洲經濟發展了，現在受到阻礙缺乏基礎設施。 The most significant developments in the infrastructural and technological history of modern Africa took place with the coming of China.最重要的事態發展，在基礎設施和技術的歷史，現代非洲發生的與未來的中國。 Among these achievements are the Chinese constructed TAN-ZAM railway line in Southern Africa, a hydroelectric dam in Ghana and a mobile phone network in Ethiopia.其中這些成就的取得，是中國興建的潭zam鐵路線在南部非洲，水電站大壩在加納和移動電話網絡在埃塞俄比亞。 China helped Nigeria in launching its satellite into space, one of the rare technological successes in sub-Saharan Africa.中國幫助尼日利亞在其發射衛星進入太空，其中一個罕見的科技成就，在撒哈拉以南非洲地區。 These gigantic achievements add to the list of roads, railways, bridges, dams, hospitals, airports, schools stadiums and legislative building constructed by Chinese engineers.這些巨大的成就，添加到列表的道路，鐵路，橋樑，水壩，醫院，機場，學校，體育場館和立法建設所興建的中國工程師。

Except for the skeptics, there is unanimous agreement that China’s part in infrastructure development could help open up the continent and make business more competitive.除持懷疑態度，有一致認為，中國的一部分，在基礎設施的發展可以幫助打開了大陸和作出商業更具競爭力。 It also leads to the transfer of technology which holds long term economic benefits for the continent.它也導致了轉讓技術的擁有長遠的經濟利益，為大陸。 “Chinese companies are not only investing in Senegal, but transferring technology, training and know-how to Senegal at the same time. “中國企業不僅是投資在塞內加爾，但轉讓技術，培訓和技術訣竅，以塞內加爾在同一時間內。 China which has fought its own battles to modernize has a much greater sense of the personal urgency of development in Africa than many western nations.” Said Senegalese President Abdoulage wade.中國已打自己的仗，以現代化，有一個更大的責任感，緊迫感，個人的發展在非洲比許多西方國家。說： “塞內加爾總統瓦德abdoulage 。 “Today…economic relations are based more on mutual need and the economic reality that the EU and US cannot compete with China,” Wade said. “今天…經濟關係的基礎是更多的相互需要和經濟現實，即歐盟和美國不能與中國競爭， ”韋德說。

President Wade is one of the several African leaders who have given a warm embrace to Chinese trade, investment and infrastructural development.瓦德總統就是其中的幾位非洲領導人誰給予了熱情的懷抱，以中國的貿易，投資和基建發展。 In praise of Chinese infrastructure, Wade contends firmly that “these are improvements …that stay in Africa and raise the standards of living for millions of Africans, not just an elite few.” The vocal Wade has on many occasions juxtaposed Chinese benevolence with western hypocrisy towards Africa.在稱讚中國的基礎設施，韋德爭辯堅定地指出： “這些都是改善…說，留在非洲和提高人民生活水平為以百萬計的非洲人，不只是少數精英”聲樂韋德曾多次並列中國善與西方的虛偽對非洲的。 “If Europe does not want to provide funding for African infrastructure- it pledged $15 billion under the Cotonou Agreement eight years ago; the Chinese are ready to take up the task, move rapidly and at less cost.” In Wade’s words, China has lessons to offer both Africa and Europe. “如果歐洲不希望提供資金，為非洲的基礎設施，它承諾的150億美元，根據科托努協定八年前中國人是隨時準備採取行動的任務，迅速行動，並以更低的成本。 ”在韋德的話，中國有教訓，同時提供非洲和歐洲。 “Not just Africa but the West itself has much to learn from China. “不只是非洲，但西部地區本身也學到很多東西，來自中國。 It is time for the West to practice what it preaches about the value of market incentives,” Wade wagged at the West.現在是時候為西部地區的實踐是什麼，它宣揚約的價值，市場誘因， “韋德wagged在西。

How strong is the “Third World Order”? 有多強，是“第三次世界秩序” ？

Despite western outcry about Sino-Africa economic cooperation, there is abundant evidence to suggest that these fears are highly exaggerated.儘管西方嘩然中非洲的經濟合作，有豐富的證據表明，這些擔心是誇大了高度評價。 China’s trade, loans and infrastructural projects have been the central objects and targets of criticism.中國的貿易，貸款和基建工程一直是中央的對象和目標的批評。 China is blamed for flooding African markets, destabilizing local economies and selling goods of inferior quality to Africans.中國是造成水患的非洲市場，破壞當地經濟和售賣貨品劣質非洲人。 China’s loans are said to overlook human rights abuses and thus encourage corruption in Africa.中國的貸款是說，忽視侵犯人權和腐敗，從而鼓勵在非洲。 The West also frets about China’s closeness with oil and mineral rich countries in Africa such as Sudan and Zimbabwe and its military connections with these rogue and pariah states.西方也frets對中國的親近與石油和礦產豐富的非洲國家如蘇丹和津巴布韋的軍事聯繫，與這些流氓和賤民國家。 Chinese infrastructure projects in the continent are also predicted to end up as white elephant projects.中國基礎設施項目，在大陸還預測，到年底，作為大白象工程。

How justified these claims are, remains an object of intense debate.如何合理的這些索賠的，仍然是一個對象了激烈的辯論。 This debate notwithstanding, it could be grossly misleading to assume that this alliance goes without friction.這次辯論儘管如此，它可嚴重誤導以為這個聯盟是不言而喻的摩擦。 Available evidence also suggests that western estimates about the scale of Chinese expansion in Africa is more apparent than real and China has not (yet) gone the distance it is believed to have covered in Africa.現有的證據還表明，西方估計約的規模擴大中國在非洲是更加明顯多於實際和中國並沒有（但）經歷了距離，這是相信已涵蓋在非洲。

Thabo Mbeki, South African President and one of the leading figures in African diplomacy was one of the many Africans to raise concerns about unguided optimism in Sino-African relations.塔博姆貝基，南非總統和領導者之一的數字，在非洲的外交是其中的許多非洲人提出關注制導樂觀，在中非關係。 He is considered as the most prominent case of African “push-back” when it comes to dealing with China, especially in the area of trade.他被認為是最突出的案件非洲的“推回” ，當談到與中國打交道，特別是在貿易領域。 “The challenge is that you could develop a relationship between China and African states which in reality isn’t different from the relationship that developed between Africa and the former colonial powers,” Mbeki warned. “所面臨的挑戰是，你可以發展之間的關係，中國和非洲國家在現實中是沒有什麼不同的關係，發達國家之間的非洲和前殖民國家， ”姆貝基總統警告。

As proof of his determination to restrain China’s unbridled trade advances, Mbeki’s government imposed quotas for Chinese textiles in an effort to revive and protect South Africa’s staggering garment industry which is threatened by cheap Chinese textiles.作為證明他的決心來約束中國的肆無忌憚的貿易進展，但姆貝基總統的政府施加配額的中國紡織品在努力恢復和保護南非的驚人的製衣業，這是威脅，廉價的中國紡織品。 Mbeki’s move was a warning signal to China, and a lesson for the rest of Africa on how to deal with the “new guest.” Mr. Mbeki had earlier warned that African states run the risk of getting stuck in “an unequal relationship” with China.姆貝基總統的動議是一個警告信號，中國和教訓，至於其餘的非洲就如何處理“新客戶” 。先生姆貝基此前警告說，非洲國家運行的風險越來越停留在“一個不平等的關係“與中國的。

Recent anti-Chinese protests in Zambia in 2006 also point to the fragility of this alliance.最近的反中國抗議，在贊比亞在2006年還指出，脆弱的這一聯盟。 Poor safety conditions left 50 workers dead in a Chinese owned mine where 55 workers had earlier fallen ill from poisoning in 2003.窮人的安全生產條件的50名工人離開死在中國的國有礦山有55工人較早前曾病倒從中毒在2003年。 The Chinese-owned Chambisi copper smelter has been the scene of repeated strike actions as African workers clamor for better pay and improved working conditions.中國國有chambisi銅冶煉廠已被現場的反复的罷工行動，作為非洲工人的鼓譟，為更好的薪資和工作條件的改善。 Michael Sata, the opposition leader in Zambia accused China of transforming Zambia into what he called a “dumpling ground for their human beings.” Zambia’s capital Lusaka holds about 30.000 Chinese who are often viewed with scorn as exploiters especially as they pick up jobs from street hawking to industrial manufacturing.邁克爾的SATA ，反對黨領導人在贊比亞指責中國贊比亞轉化成他所謂的“餃子地面為他們的人” 。贊比亞首都盧薩卡舉行約30.000中國誰是往往被認為與鄙薄作為剝削，特別是作為他們拿起職位從街頭販賣的工業製造業。 This is a growing phenomenon throughout Africa as William Wallis observes “it is possible to find Chinese foot massage parlors in Chad, doughnut hawkers in Cameroon and vegetable producers in Khartoum’s market”這是一個成長的現象，在整個非洲作為威廉沃利斯觀察： “這是有可能找到中國足部按摩廳，在乍得，甜甜圈小販在喀麥隆和蔬菜生產者在喀土穆的市場”

Elsewhere in the continent African leaders are caught between embracing a new comer and retaining traditional alliances.其他地方在非洲大陸的非洲領導人正在夾縫中概括性的一個新的後起之秀，並保留傳統的聯盟。 Nigeria, one of America’s biggest oil suppliers in Africa is moving towards China with a lot of caution.尼日利亞之一，美國最大的石油供應商在非洲正在走向中國與很多謹慎。 Nigeria has made it clear that China will have to face competition from western energy companies and also national companies from India, South Korea and Malaysia.尼日利亞已明確表示，中國將不得不面對競爭，從西方能源公司和本國公司也從印度，韓國和馬來西亞。 “Nigeria had been keen to cooperate with the Chinese in oil and gas but the government hasn’t given them the level of special treatment the Chinese would have wanted,” says Dapo Odesanya. “尼日利亞已激烈的合作，與中國在石油和天然氣，但政府卻沒有給予他們水平的特殊待遇，中國將有希望，說： ” dapo odesanya 。 Despite China’s overtures her citizens have been caught up in the spade of kidnappings that characterize the volatile Niger Delta region.儘管中國的序曲她的公民，已趕上了，在鏟綁架的特點是揮發性尼日爾三角洲地區。 Ethiopian rebels also killed nine Chinese oil workers in the Ogaden region in April 2007埃塞俄比亞反政府武裝還打死9名中國石油工人在歐加登地區在2007年4月

In the oil sector where dissenting voices are loudest, facts and numbers on the ground tell a different story.在石油部門的地方反對的聲音是最響的，事實和數字在地面上告訴一個不同的故事。 Chinese national oil companies produced about 267.000 barrels of oil equivalent a day in Africa only one third of the amount produced by Exxon Mobil the largest foreign producer in the continent.中國國家油公司生產的約267.000億桶油當量，每天在非洲只有三分之一的金額所產生的埃克森美孚最大的外國生產者在非洲大陸。 Being a late comer, Chinese oil companies still stagger behind western oil giants in Africa.作為一個後期的後起之秀，中國石油企業仍然錯開背後的西方石油巨頭在非洲。 In 2006, Africa accounted for only 8.7% of China’s total oil imports as compared with 36% for the EU and 33% for the US These western oil interests together with their home governments which cry out loud against China continue to enjoy the advantage of time, space and efficiency in the African oil market.在2006年，非洲佔只有8.7 ％ ，佔中國石油進口量相比， 36 ％為歐盟和33 ％為美國這些西方石油公司的利益，連同他們的家，其中政府的哭出來，對中國繼續享有優勢對時間，空間和效率，在非洲石油市場。 “While keeping an eye out on China,” says Firose Manji, “Africans should not be distracted from paying attention to the West’s continued exploitation of the continent including the use of military might to protect its economic interests.” “的同時，兼顧了對中國，說： ” firose manji ， “非洲人不應該分心，從注重西方的繼續剝削非洲大陸，包括使用軍事實力，以保護其經濟利益” 。

Firosi maintains strongly that China is still a small player in Africa when compared with others from the West and elsewhere. firosi保持強烈，中國仍然是一個小球員在非洲時，與其他人相比，從西方和其他地方。 She insists that Asian players such as India, Singapore and Malaysia are stronger powers in Africa in terms of FDI.她堅持認為，亞洲球員，如印度，新加坡和馬來西亞是強大的權力，在非洲的外國直接投資的條款。 These countries are the principal sources of FDI to Africa.這些國家的主要來源，非洲的外國直接投資。 On the other hand, when put together, the entire flow of FDI from Asia is completely eclipsed by that from the capitalist West.在另一方面，當放在一起，整個外國直接投資的流入從亞洲是完全掩蓋，從西方資本主義。 Borrowing from UNDP figures of 2007, Firosi compares the amount of western investment in Africa with that of China.借貸來自開發計劃署的數字， 2007年， firosi比較金額西方在非洲的投資與中國的。 As of 2003, the UK possessed $30 billion worth of FDI stock in Africa, the US $19 billion, France $11.5billion and Germany $5.5 billion.截至2003年，英國擁有價值300億美元的外國直接投資存量在非洲， 190億美元，法國為11.5billion和德國的55億美元。 China trailed behind with only 3% of its FDI destined for Africa while 53% of Chinese FDI went to Asia.中國落後的背後，只有3 ％ ，其外國直接投資的目的地為非洲，而53 ％的中國的外國直接投資到亞洲。 Though recent estimates show that China has closed this gap to become Africa’s third trading partner, it highlights the contention that western criticisms have been based more on fear than fact.雖然最近的估計顯示，中國已關閉這一差距成為非洲的第三大貿易夥伴，它突出了爭論，西方的批評，已基於更多的恐懼比的事實。

Another emerging phenomenon which has the possibility of intensifying the existing crack in Sino-African relations is the problem of migration.另一種新興的現象，有可能加劇現有的裂紋在中非關係是移民問題。 Population movements between China and Africa have increased steadily since the 1990s.人口流動之間的中國和非洲有穩步增加， 20世紀90年代以來。 While the estimated 900 thousand Chinese migrant workers in Africa invade jobs ranging from agriculture through street peddling to industry, it is a different situation for Africans in China.而估計90.0萬中國民工在非洲的侵略工作從農業通過街頭兜售工業，這是一個不同的情況，為非洲人在中國。 These Africans who live under the constant fear of deportation are subjected to color prejudice in the job market where teaching is their only option.這些非洲人誰下生活，不斷擔心被驅逐出境，受到顏色的偏見在就業市場上哪裡教學是他們唯一的選擇。 To secure these jobs and keep them, are the twin challenges facing African migrant workers in a society where “native speakers” are preferred irrespective of academic or professional qualifications.以確保這些職位，並讓他們，是孿生面臨的挑戰，非洲移徙工人的社會裡， “母語”是首選，不論學歷或專業資格。 Obtaining and or renewing work visas for Africans is the mother of all problems, besides discriminatory salaries they receive on basis of their color.獲取和或延長工作簽證是非洲人的母親所有的問題，除了歧視性的薪酬，他們接受的基礎上，他們的顏色。 For many of these educated Africans, driven from home by harsh poverty and uncertainty and wandering in a wilderness of thorny discrimination, Sino-African cooperation remains a farce.對於許多這類教育的非洲人，被趕出家園苛刻的貧困和不確定性和遊蕩在野外，棘手的歧視，中非合作仍然是一出鬧劇。

Conclusion 結論

The tussle between the two rival blocs in Africa reached climax when the World Bank which has exercised unrivalled, albeit counter-productive control over Africa before the coming of China, started calling for the latter to be more transparent about its African plans.該之間的爭鬥兩個競爭對手集團在非洲達成的高潮時，世界銀行已行使無可匹敵的，儘管有反效果的控制權之前，非洲未來的中國，開始要求後者更加透明，有關其非洲的計劃。 Earlier in 2006, Paul Wolferwitz, then President of the Bank accused China for ignoring human rights and environmental standards when lending to Africa.較早前在2006年，保羅wolferwitz ，然後銀行主席指責中國無視人權和環境標準時，貸款給非洲。 Bob Geldof, the Live 8 campaigner also warned that attempts to stamp out corruption in Africa risk being undermined by soft loans and naked mercantilism from China.鮑伯蓋朵夫， Live 8慈善運動也警告說，企圖以杜絕腐敗現象在非洲面臨被削弱的軟貸款和赤裸裸的重商來自中國。

When the World Bank, the backbone of globalization joined this fray on the side of the West, it unvealed the significance of this rivalry in the geopolitics of the 21st century.當世界銀行，骨幹全球化的加入了這個fray對一側西， unvealed的意義，這種競爭在地緣政治的二十一世紀。 In response, China has challenged the credibility of the World Bank.在回應，中國已提出質疑的公信力，世界銀行的代表。 “The World Bank always wants countries to join them and follow their processes. “世界銀行總是希望國家加入他們，並按照他們的進程。 But is the record of the World Bank so good?” asks Zhong Jianhua, China’s Ambassador to South Africa.但是記錄世界銀行的那麼好？ “要求鍾建華，中國駐南非。 “To work together is good. “一起工作是好的。 But you do not expect others to follow instructions” he affirmed.但你不要指望別人的指示“ ，他肯定的。

Behind the shadows of this war of words is the emerging “African renaissance” declared by President Thabo Mbeki in 2000.背後的陰影，這場戰爭的話，是新興的“非洲復興”宣布由總統姆貝基在2000年。 Its symbolic instruments- African Union and NEPAD attest to Africa’s resolve to take its destiny into its own hands.其象徵意義的文書-非洲聯盟和非洲發展新夥伴關係證明了非洲的決心採取其掌握自己的命運。 It also confirms Africa’s right to carve out its own path and shun what Coral Walsh calls “finger-wagging lectures from their former colonial masters.” Former South African President Nelson Mandela reminds African leaders of the need to pick their friends with utmost care as this might prove to be a decisive moment for Africa.它也證實了非洲的權利，瓜分其自身的路徑和信什麼珊瑚沃爾什所謂的“手指wagging講座，從他們的前殖民地的主人。 ”南非前總統納爾遜曼德拉提醒非洲國家領導人認識到必須挑選他們的朋友與謹慎因為這可能會被證明是一個決定性的時刻，為非洲國家。 “Africa is beyond bemoaning the past,” Mandela said. “非洲是超越bemoaning過去， ”曼德拉說。 “The task of undoing that past is on the shoulders of African leaders themselves, with the support of those willing to join in a continental renewal. “的任務，打倒過去是對的肩膀上，非洲領導人本身，支持下，與那些願意加入在大陸重建。 We have a new generation of leaders who know that Africa must take responsibility for its own destiny, that Africa will uplift itself only by its own efforts in partnership with those who wish it well.”我們有一個新的一代領導人誰知道，非洲必須承擔責任，掌握自己的命運，非洲將隆起本身只有通過自己的努力，建立夥伴關係，與那些誰想好“ 。

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