Prof. Ali Mazrui 教授阿里mazrui
Last week in this space I posed a challenge to the United States of America: Will it realise its potential of becoming humankind’s post-racial garden of Eden, completing the odyssey from Africa as the first Garden of Eden? 上週在這空間我提出了挑戰，美國：將它實現其潛力，成為人類的後花園種族的伊甸園，完成奧德賽來自非洲作為第一伊甸園？ Or will the country waste that opportunity through bigotry, prejudice, and conflict?或將國家的廢物，通過的機會，偏執，偏見，和衝突？

This week we raise the question: What are the migrations that initiated the linkage between the first Garden of Eden and the second Garden of Eden? 這個星期，我們提出這個問題：什麼是移民發起之間的聯繫，第一伊甸園和第二伊甸園？ The garden of birth was Africa; the garden of potential post-raciality is the United States.該園出生非洲;花園的潛在後raciality是美國。 Will the human race need the Edenisation of America towards the post-racial age?將人類的需要edenisation美國對後種族歧視的年齡？

The story of Adam and Eve occurs in three of the great world religions – Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Only two of the three Abrahamic religions have featured prominently in the belief systems of the African peoples – Christianity and Islam. 的故事，亞當和夏娃出現在三個偉大的世界宗教-猶太教，基督教和伊斯蘭教。只有兩個三個亞伯拉罕宗教突出，在信仰體系的非洲人民-基督教和伊斯蘭教。 Christianity and Islam have cast a shadow on the migrations of African peoples from the continent of the First Eden to the shores of the Second.基督教和伊斯蘭教蒙上了陰影就遷徙非洲人民從大陸的第一伊甸園向海岸第二。

Central to the transfer of the African peoples from Africa to America was of course the role of Europe. If Africa invented the human race, Europe perfected racism. Europeans then inaugurated the most extensive trade in slaves ever attempted in human history.中環至轉讓非洲人民從非洲到美國是當然的角色，歐洲， 如果非洲發明了人類，歐洲完善的種族主義。歐洲人，然後宣誓就職的最廣泛的貿易在奴隸以往任何時候都企圖在人類歷史上。 Both European racism and European slave trade helped to set the stage for creating a multi-racial ‘New World.’ The final Eden was slowly in the making.歐洲種族主義和歐洲的奴隸貿易，幫助搭建了舞台，為建立一個多種族'新的世界' ，最後伊甸園是緩慢，在決策。

It is common knowledge that one of the ways by which Europeans legitimised the slave trade was by portraying Africans as heathens and cannibals.這是共同知識的途徑之一，其中歐洲人legitimised奴隸貿易的描繪是由非洲人作為heathens和食。 What is not often realised is that African resistance to European enslavement was in turn partly inspired by African fears that those white-skinned people were the ones who were cannibals.什麼是不經常意識到的是，非洲的阻力，歐洲被奴役，從而部分靈感來自非洲的恐懼，那些白皮膚人，那些誰被食。

As a Dutch contemporary Willem Bosman summed it up, “Sometimes we deal with slaves from deep in the interior, who convince each other that the reason why we buy and transport them is to fatten them and sell them again for an appetising meal.”作為荷蘭當代威廉博斯曼歸納起來， “有時候，我們處理的奴隸，從深在內政，誰說服對方的原因，我們購買和運輸，他們是為了他們的育肥和出售他們再次一appetising餐” 。

What was happening was the forceful transfer of citizens of the world’s first Garden of Eden (Africa) to the shores of what may well turn out to be the world’s final Garden of Eden- the USA. 正在發生什麼，是有力的轉移世界公民的第一伊甸園（非洲） ，以海岸什麼樣的可能，以及轉出將成為世界上最後的伊甸園-美國。 That part of the population of the United States that was of African descent was historically destined to play decisive roles in the evolution of the second Eden towards its historic destiny. 這部分人口的美國，這是非洲人後裔的歷史注定要發揮決定性作用，在演變的第二個伊甸園實現其歷史命運。

The anti-slavery spirit of resistance among Africans was inspired by many factors, including love for freedom and a determination to remain on the soil of their ancestors.反奴役的精神阻力之間的非洲人的啟發因素有很多，包括愛自由，並決心繼續留在土壤中他們的祖先。 But a perception of the white man as a cannibal, as the ultimate serpent who might eat up the African, aggravated African anxieties.但一種觀念的白人男子為食，為最終蛇，誰可能是吃了非洲，加劇了非洲的憂慮。

In 1752 one European captain in the harbour of Paramaribo, Suriname, was worried about whether his enslaved Africans on his ship Prins Willem V would jump overboard because “they feared they would be eaten” on arrival at their destination.在1752年1歐洲隊隊長在海港內的帕拉馬里博，蘇里南，擔心是否他的被奴役的非洲人，他就船上的Prins威廉v會跳轉過分，因為“他們擔心他們會吃”就到達目的地。

And an 18th century European handbook for slave traders urged the slavers to “assure the slaves, after they have been purchased, that they should not be afraid- that white people were not cannibals…” In our terms, the serpent was historically deadly, but was not a man-eater in the literal sense.和一個18世紀的歐洲手冊奴隸交易敦促slavers ，以“保證奴隸後，他們已購買的，他們不應該害怕，即白的人不食… … ”在我們的條款，蛇，是歷史上致命的，但是不是一個人吃，在字面上。

Back in Africa, indigenous rulers differed in their attitude to the slave trade.早在非洲，土著統治者的不同，他們的態度向奴隸貿易。 John Thornton reminds us that Queen Nzinga Nbande of Matamba in Angola tried to mobilise and coordinate opposition to the Portuguese slave traders in the 1630s and 1640s.約翰桑頓提醒我們，皇后nzinga nbande的馬坦巴在安哥拉的嘗試，以動員和協調反對以葡萄牙語奴隸交易，在1630s和1640年代。 But the Portuguese fought back and unfortunately got African allies in opposition to Queen Nzinga.但葡萄牙和回擊，可惜了非洲的盟友，反對女王nzinga 。

In the 18th century, Tomba, the leader of the Baga on the Guinean Coast, also tried to stop the slave trade but was opposed by resident Europeans, Mulattoes and African collaborators. 在十八世紀， tomba ，領導人對巴噶對幾內亞海岸，也試圖阻止奴隸貿易，但反對由駐地歐洲人， mulattoes和非洲的合作者。

Agaji Trudo was one of the greatest kings of Dahomey. agaji trudo是一個最大的國王達荷美。 He was hostile to the slave trade, and invaded coastal Aja kingdoms partly in a bid to stop the trade.他是敵對的奴隸貿易的，和入侵沿海司法機構助理政務長王國部分，在企圖阻止貿易。 His successes were short lived. Racist Europe persevered.他的成功是短期的生活。 種族主義歐洲堅持。

Our essay here poses the issue of whether there is a secular historical and collective version of the biblical story of Genesis.我們的徵文在這裡構成的問題，是否有一個世俗的歷史和集體版本的聖經故事的成因。 Should we look at Africa as the first Garden of Eden – the original habitat of the human species, fallible, mortal and therefore profoundly human?我們應該看看非洲作為第一伊甸園-原生境的人類物種，會犯錯誤，致命的，因此，深刻人類？ Should we look at the United States as potentially the second Eden, the future vanguard of a post-racial world?我們應該看看美國作為潛在的第二個伊甸園，未來的先鋒隊，後種族歧視的世界呢？

In 1978 William Julius Wilson alerted us about The Declining Relevance of Race.在1978年威廉朱利衛奕信提醒我們約下降的相關性軍備競賽。 Prof Wilson might have been prophetic rather than descriptive.教授衛奕信可能已經預言，而不是說明性的文字。

America as the second Garden of Eden must first get its racial house in order. Between now and the end of the 21st century, America has to learn how to cope with race and ethnicity, with an increasingly aging population, and with the gender gaps of privilege in its population. 美國作為第二個伊甸園，必須先取得其種族眾議院在秩序。現在到年底之間的二十一世紀，美國要了解如何應付種族和民族，與一個日益老化的人口，並與性別差距的特權，在其人口。

America must learn how to accommodate its impatient youth, how to re-define its moral values, and how to become the final burying ground of sectarian hatreds and racial strife on the world scene.美國必須學會如何容納它的不耐煩，青年，如何重新界定其道德價值觀，以及如何成為最後埋在地面的宗派仇恨和種族紛爭在世界舞台上。

Here is the Tale of Two Edens – Africa where the human species began, and America where the human species stands a chance of attaining its optimum post-racial fulfillment, guided by African Americans as sons and daughters of the first Eden. 這裡是故事二edens -非洲而人類物種的開始，美國如果人類物種的立場的機會，實現其優化後的種族圓滿，遵循非裔美國人，作為中華兒女的第一伊甸園。

That Africa was the first Garden of Eden is a fact of history and paleontology.非洲是第一伊甸園是一個事實，歷史和古生物學。 There was light in the Dark Continent before there was light anywhere else.有鑑於在黑暗的大陸之前，有鑑於其他地方。 That America is the second Garden of Eden is still a matter of hope and aspiration.美國是第二伊甸園仍然是一個問題，希望和願望。 Let there be divine light on America too.讓有神聖的光照對美國太。

Thus is it written: There was made the first man, the African living soul. 因此，它是寫：有取得第一名男子，非洲活的靈魂。

Then, the last ideal, the American life-giving post-racial spirit.然後，最後的理想，美國賦予生命後種族的精神。

Millennia after Adam there arose an Obama.幾千年後，亞當有出現一奧巴馬。 It is now conceivable, nay credible, that our great grandchildren, of all ethnicities and all faiths, of all colours and all national origins, may witness such a miracle of a post-racial dawn before the end of this century.現在是可以想像的，在NaY可信的，我們偉大的孫子，所有種族和所有信仰，所有的顏色和所有國家的起源，可能的證人，如一個奇蹟，一個職位種族黎明之前，到本世紀末。

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