By通过 Ali Mazrui 阿里mazrui
Earlier this week, the US Supreme Court ruled that apartheid victims could sue multinational corporations that facilitated violation of their human rights.本星期早些时候，美国最高法院裁定，种族隔离受害者可以起诉跨国公司提供便利侵犯了她们的人权。
Is this a new chapter in Black emancipation process? 这是新的一章在黑色的解放进程？
While the abolitionist movement in the 18th and 19th centuries was mainly inspired by benevolent changes in the Western world, the new reparationist movement in the 20th and 21st centuries has been inspired by malevolent continuities in the Black world.而废除死刑的运动，在18世纪和19世纪，主要是灵感的德政变化，在西方世界，新reparationist运动中的世纪已经灵感恶意连续性，在黑色的世界。
The benevolent changes that favoured the abolitionist movement were partly technological and partly socio-normative.该仁慈的变化，赞成废除死刑的运动，部分技术和部分社会规范。 Innovations like the cotton gin made slave labour superfluous to capitalism.创新一样，棉花的洋酒作出的奴隶劳动是多余的资本主义。 The abolitionist movement found a more responsive political establishment as slave-labour became technologically more anachronistic.废除死刑的运动找到了更多的回应政治的建立，作为奴隶的劳动，成为在技术上更不合时宜。
Additionally, Western values were getting more liberalised in other areas such as the extension of the franchise to the working classes in the 19th Century, and the beginnings of agitations for women’s rights.此外，西方价值观的人越来越开放的在其他方面，例如延长专营权，以劳工阶层在十九世纪，并开始agitations为妇女的权利。 More efficient technology and more liberal ideology converged to boost the abolitionist movement in Europe and the Americas.更有效率的技术和更自由的思想的融合，以推动废除死刑的运动在欧洲和美洲。
These were the benevolent changes in the West whose cumulative impact favoured the abolition of slave trade and subsequently slavery itself.这些都是善意的变化，在西方国家，其累积影响赞成废除奴隶贸易和奴隶制度本身其后。 Even the political emancipation of Roman Catholics in Britain was a cause that William Wilberforce championed a decade prior to conversion to the more drastic cause of seeking abolition of slave trade and slavery.即使是政治解放的罗马天主教徒在英国是一项事业，威廉威尔伯福斯倡导的十年之前，转换为更激烈的原因，寻求废除奴隶贸易和奴隶制。
But the consequences of enslavement and colonisation are not merely research topics for scholars.但后果奴役和殖民化不仅是研究课题的学者。 They are also the genesis of horrendous civil wars and normative collapse in contemporary places like Liberia, Angola, and even Somalia.他们也是成因可怕的内战和规范崩溃，在当代地方，如利比里亚，安哥拉，甚至索马里。 Such are the malevolent continuities of colonialism.这些都是恶意连续性的殖民主义。
The consequences of enslavement and colonisation are not merely themes for plenary sessions at African Studies conventions; they are subjects of malfunctioning post-colonial economies in Africa, and the distorted socio-economic relations in the African Diaspora.的后果，奴役和殖民化不只是主题中全会在非洲研究公约;它们科目故障后殖民经济体在非洲，和扭曲的社会经济关系在非洲人散居。 These are the malevolent continuities of both colonialism and racism.这些都是恶意的连续性双方的殖民主义和种族主义。
The inspiration behind the on-going reparations movement was not from change but continuity. 灵感的背后对正在进行的赔偿运动是不是从改变，但连续性。 It was from the persistent deprivation and anguish in the Black world arising out of the legacies of slavery and colonialism. 这是从持续的剥夺和痛苦，在黑色世界所产生的遗产奴隶制和殖民主义。 The consequences of enslavement and colonisation are not chapters in history books; they are pangs of pain in the poorer parts of Harlem, Washington, DC, and the anti-Black police batons in the streets of Detroit, Rio de Janeiro, London, and Paris. 的后果，奴役和殖民不是章在历史书籍，他们是阵痛的痛苦是在贫穷的部分哈莱姆，华盛顿特区，以及反黑警察用警棍在街道上的底特律，里约热内卢，伦敦，巴黎。 These are some of the malevolent continuities of racism. 这些都是一些对恶意连续性的种族主义。
The consequences of enslavement and colonisation are not dusty documents in historical archives, but the figures of Black infant mortality in Haiti, Washington DC, and Uganda.的后果，奴役和殖民没有尘土飞扬的文件，历史档案，但数字的黑人婴儿死亡率在海地，华盛顿DC ，和乌干达。 Here once more are the malevolent continuities of racism.在这里，一旦更多的是恶意连续性的种族主义。
While the most historically visible heroes of the abolitionist movement were disproportionately White, the emerging visible heroes of the reparationist movement are overwhelmingly Black.而历史上最有形的英雄废除死刑的运动被不成比例地白，新兴的有形英雄的reparationist运动的绝大多数是黑人。
White historically visible abolitionists in Great Britain included William Wilberforce (1759-1833).白皮书历史上的有形赞成废除死刑，在伟大的英国包括威廉威尔伯福斯（ 1759年至1833年） 。 The historically visible abolitionists in the US included the martyred John Brown (1800-1859) and, in a special sense of abolitionism, martyred Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865).历史上有形赞成废除死刑在美国，包括烈属，约翰布朗（ 1800至1859年） ，并在一个特殊的责任感废除主义，烈属，亚伯拉罕林肯（ 1809至1865年） 。 William Lloyd Garrison (1833-1870) founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, was for a while among the best known American abolitionists.威廉劳合社的驻军（ 1833年至1870年）的创始人之一，美国反奴隶制社会，是一间最知名的美国赞成废除死刑。
This is quite apart from Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896), the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851), arguably the most important female abolitionist influence in the early history of the movement in the United States, alongside Lydia Maria Child.这是相当除了哈里特伊丽莎白比彻斯托（ 1811年至1896年） ，作者汤姆叔叔的小屋（ 1851 ） ，可以说是最重要的女性废除死刑的影响，在早期的历史运动在美国，一起与Lydia玛丽亚儿童。
There were of course also Black abolitionists including such towering and brilliant activists as Frederick Douglass (1817-1895).有，当然也包括黑赞成废除死刑等高耸和灿烂的活动家弗雷德里克道格拉斯（ 1817年至1895年） 。 But by the very nature of the power-structure of the period, Black abolitionists had less influence on their own than did either slave rebellions, on one side, or white abolitionists, on the other.但由非常的性质，权力结构的时期，黑色赞成废除死刑已影响较小他们自己比任何奴隶叛乱，其中一个方面，或白色赞成废除死刑，对其他。
Wing of Black global opinion 翼黑色全球舆论
Black slave rebellions sought to challenge the power of the slave system; white abolitionists sought to challenge the legitimacy of the slave system.黑奴叛乱寻求挑战的权力，奴隶制度;白人赞成废除死刑寻求挑战的合法性，贩卖奴隶制度。 Black abolitionists attempted to be allies of both, but they were weaker than either.黑色赞成废除死刑，企图将双方的盟友，但他们弱于。 Yet, even in their lonely isolation, Black abolitionists displayed remarkable courage and heroism.然而，即使在他们的孤独隔离，黑色赞成废除死刑显示了显着的勇气和英雄主义。
While the older abolitionist movement was disproportionately led by liberal members of the Western Establishment, contemporary reparationist movement has been disproportionately advanced and steered by the nationalist wing of Black global opinion.而老年人的废除死刑的运动是不成比例为首的自由成员西部的建立，当代reparationist运动已不成比例的先进和带领由右翼的民族主义黑色全球舆论。
While 2004 marked the 200th anniversary of the Haitian revolution, 2004 also marked the 100th anniversary of the Maji Maji war against the Germans in Tanganyika.而2004年，标志着200周年，海地革命， 2004年也标志着诞辰100周年的。 Maji 。 Maji战争对德国在坦噶尼喀湖。 The Maji Maji war was inspired by an East African version of voodoo.该。 Maji 。 Maji战争的灵感一东非版本的巫术。
The warrior’s immersion into water was supposed to provide a magical shield against German bullets.勇士的浸泡成水是要提供一个神奇的挡箭牌，对德国子弹。 Those beliefs were successful in mobilising the masses with next to no training or organization.这些信念是成功的在动员群众，与旁边没有培训或组织。 In reality the African warriors’ baptism was no match for German bullets.在现实中的非洲勇士'的洗礼，没有匹配的德国子弹。
The Maji Maji war lasted from 1904 to 1906, a much shorter period than the Haitian wars.该。 Maji 。 Maji战争持续了从1904年至1906年，更短的时间比在海地的战争。 The Maji Maji war was brutally suppressed by the Germans.该。 Maji 。 Maji战争是残酷的镇压德国。 In the short run, the Haitian revolution had a happier outcome.在短期来说，海地革命有一个幸福的结果。
In addition to marking both 200th anniversary of the Haitian revolution and the 100th anniversary of the Maji Maji war, the year 2004 also marked approximately the 50th anniversary of the Mau Mau war against the British in Kenya.此外，标识均200周年，海地革命和诞辰100周年的。 Maji 。 Maji战争， 2004年也标志着大约五十周年的茂茂战争对英国在肯尼亚。
The Mau Mau, like Maji Maji, also invoked a version of East African voodoo.该茂茂，像。 Maji 。 Maji ，还引用一版本的东部非洲巫术。 But Mau Mau, unlike Maji Maji, did not emphasise the protective qualities of baptism by water.但茂茂，不像。 Maji 。 Maji ，不强调保护素质的洗礼水。 It invoked ritual use of menstrual blood and worked out elaborate oaths of allegiance for warriors stripped naked for the ceremonies.它援引仪式使用的月经血，以及制定了详细宣誓效忠，为勇士扒光衣服为典礼。 The warriors fought bravely in spite of the military odds.勇士奋战在，尽管军事赔率。
Unlike Maji Maji, the Mau Mau did defeat the British politically though not militarily.不同的。 Maji 。 Maji ，茂茂没有打败英国在政治上虽然没有在军事上。 The Mau Mau warriors fought from 1952 to about 1960.该茂茂勇士打从1952年至约1960年。 They convinced the British that it was time to pull out of Kenya as an imperial power.他们深信，英国，这是时间，退出肯尼亚作为一个皇权。 The British colonial exit occurred in 1963.英国的殖民地退出发生在1963年。
Some Blacks reformers believe that those companies that benefited from Apartheid should pay a price for it. 一些黑人的改革者认为，这些公司受益于种族隔离应该付出代价。 They are on course. 他们是对的过程中。
About The Author(s): 关于作者（ ） ： Prof. Ali Mazrui is Chancellor of 教授阿里mazrui是校长的 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture , Kenya. 乔莫肯雅塔农业大学 ，肯尼亚。 | More Articles By Ali Mazrui | 更多文章由阿里mazrui |
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