By通過 Ali Mazrui 阿里mazrui

Prof. Ali Mazrui 教授阿里mazrui
In January 1808, the US Congress abolished the slave trade.在1808年1月，美國國會廢除奴隸貿易。 The British had abolished it the previous year.英國已取消它前一年。 What neither legislature has done 200 years later is pass legislation to compensate Blacks for hundreds of years of enslavement and degradation.什麼都不做了立法機關二百年後，是通過立法，以補償黑人，數百年來的奴役和退化。

Earlier this week, the US Supreme Court ruled that apartheid victims could sue multinational corporations that facilitated violation of their human rights.本星期早些時候，美國最高法院裁定，種族隔離受害者可以起訴跨國公司提供便利侵犯了她們的人權。

Is this a new chapter in Black emancipation process? 這是新的一章在黑色的解放進程？

While the abolitionist movement in the 18th and 19th centuries was mainly inspired by benevolent changes in the Western world, the new reparationist movement in the 20th and 21st centuries has been inspired by malevolent continuities in the Black world.而廢除死刑的運動，在18世紀和19世紀，主要是靈感的德政變化，在西方世界，新reparationist運動中的世紀已經靈感惡意連續性，在黑色的世界。

The benevolent changes that favoured the abolitionist movement were partly technological and partly socio-normative.該仁慈的變化，贊成廢除死刑的運動，部分技術和部分社會規範。 Innovations like the cotton gin made slave labour superfluous to capitalism.創新一樣，棉花的洋酒作出的奴隸勞動是多餘的資本主義。 The abolitionist movement found a more responsive political establishment as slave-labour became technologically more anachronistic.廢除死刑的運動找到了更多的回應政治的建立，作為奴隸的勞動，成為在技術上更不合時宜。

Additionally, Western values were getting more liberalised in other areas such as the extension of the franchise to the working classes in the 19th Century, and the beginnings of agitations for women’s rights.此外，西方價值觀的人越來越開放的在其他方面，例如延長專營權，以勞工階層在十九世紀，並開始agitations為婦女的權利。 More efficient technology and more liberal ideology converged to boost the abolitionist movement in Europe and the Americas.更有效率的技術和更自由的思想的融合，以推動廢除死刑的運動在歐洲和美洲。

These were the benevolent changes in the West whose cumulative impact favoured the abolition of slave trade and subsequently slavery itself.這些都是善意的變化，在西方國家，其累積影響贊成廢除奴隸貿易和奴隸制度本身其後。 Even the political emancipation of Roman Catholics in Britain was a cause that William Wilberforce championed a decade prior to conversion to the more drastic cause of seeking abolition of slave trade and slavery.即使是政治解放的羅馬天主教徒在英國是一項事業，威廉威爾伯福斯倡導的十年之前，轉換為更激烈的原因，尋求廢除奴隸貿易和奴隸制。

But the consequences of enslavement and colonisation are not merely research topics for scholars.但後果奴役和殖民化不僅是研究課題的學者。 They are also the genesis of horrendous civil wars and normative collapse in contemporary places like Liberia, Angola, and even Somalia.他們也是成因可怕的內戰和規範崩潰，在當代地方，如利比里亞，安哥拉，甚至索馬里。 Such are the malevolent continuities of colonialism.這些都是惡意連續性的殖民主義。

The consequences of enslavement and colonisation are not merely themes for plenary sessions at African Studies conventions; they are subjects of malfunctioning post-colonial economies in Africa, and the distorted socio-economic relations in the African Diaspora.的後果，奴役和殖民化不只是主題中全會在非洲研究公約;它們科目故障後殖民經濟體在非洲，和扭曲的社會經濟關係在非洲人散居。 These are the malevolent continuities of both colonialism and racism.這些都是惡意的連續性雙方的殖民主義和種族主義。

The inspiration behind the on-going reparations movement was not from change but continuity. 靈感的背後對正在進行的賠償運動是不是從改變，但連續性。 It was from the persistent deprivation and anguish in the Black world arising out of the legacies of slavery and colonialism. 這是從持續的剝奪和痛苦，在黑色世界所產生的遺產奴隸制和殖民主義。 The consequences of enslavement and colonisation are not chapters in history books; they are pangs of pain in the poorer parts of Harlem, Washington, DC, and the anti-Black police batons in the streets of Detroit, Rio de Janeiro, London, and Paris. 的後果，奴役和殖民不是章在歷史書籍，他們是陣痛的痛苦是在貧窮的部分哈萊姆，華盛頓特區，以及反黑警察用警棍在街道上的底特律，里約熱內盧，倫敦，巴黎。 These are some of the malevolent continuities of racism. 這些都是一些對惡意連續性的種族主義。

The consequences of enslavement and colonisation are not dusty documents in historical archives, but the figures of Black infant mortality in Haiti, Washington DC, and Uganda.的後果，奴役和殖民沒有塵土飛揚的文件，歷史檔案，但數字的黑人嬰兒死亡率在海地，華盛頓DC ，和烏干達。 Here once more are the malevolent continuities of racism.在這裡，一旦更多的是惡意連續性的種族主義。

While the most historically visible heroes of the abolitionist movement were disproportionately White, the emerging visible heroes of the reparationist movement are overwhelmingly Black.而歷史上最有形的英雄廢除死刑的運動被不成比例地白，新興的有形英雄的reparationist運動的絕大多數是黑人。

White historically visible abolitionists in Great Britain included William Wilberforce (1759-1833).白皮書歷史上的有形贊成廢除死刑，在偉大的英國包括威廉威爾伯福斯（ 1759年至1833年） 。 The historically visible abolitionists in the US included the martyred John Brown (1800-1859) and, in a special sense of abolitionism, martyred Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865).歷史上有形贊成廢除死刑在美國，包括烈屬，約翰布朗（ 1800至1859年） ，並在一個特殊的責任感廢除主義，烈屬，亞伯拉罕林肯（ 1809至1865年） 。 William Lloyd Garrison (1833-1870) founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, was for a while among the best known American abolitionists.威廉勞合社的駐軍（ 1833年至1870年）的創始人之一，美國反奴隸制社會，是一間最知名的美國贊成廢除死刑。

This is quite apart from Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896), the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851), arguably the most important female abolitionist influence in the early history of the movement in the United States, alongside Lydia Maria Child.這是相當除了哈里特伊麗莎白比徹斯托（ 1811年至1896年） ，作者湯姆叔叔的小屋（ 1851 ） ，可以說是最重要的女性廢除死刑的影響，在早期的歷史運動在美國，一起與Lydia瑪麗亞兒童。

There were of course also Black abolitionists including such towering and brilliant activists as Frederick Douglass (1817-1895).有，當然也包括黑贊成廢除死刑等高聳和燦爛的活動家弗雷德里克道格拉斯（ 1817年至1895年） 。 But by the very nature of the power-structure of the period, Black abolitionists had less influence on their own than did either slave rebellions, on one side, or white abolitionists, on the other.但由非常的性質，權力結構的時期，黑色贊成廢除死刑已影響較小他們自己比任何奴隸叛亂，其中一個方面，或白色贊成廢除死刑，對其他。

Wing of Black global opinion 翼黑色全球輿論

Black slave rebellions sought to challenge the power of the slave system; white abolitionists sought to challenge the legitimacy of the slave system.黑奴叛亂尋求挑戰的權力，奴隸制度;白人贊成廢除死刑尋求挑戰的合法性，販賣奴隸制度。 Black abolitionists attempted to be allies of both, but they were weaker than either.黑色贊成廢除死刑，企圖將雙方的盟友，但他們弱於。 Yet, even in their lonely isolation, Black abolitionists displayed remarkable courage and heroism.然而，即使在他們的孤獨隔離，黑色贊成廢除死刑顯示了顯著的勇氣和英雄主義。

While the older abolitionist movement was disproportionately led by liberal members of the Western Establishment, contemporary reparationist movement has been disproportionately advanced and steered by the nationalist wing of Black global opinion.而老年人的廢除死刑的運動是不成比例為首的自由成員西部的建立，當代reparationist運動已不成比例的先進和帶領由右翼的民族主義黑色全球輿論。

While 2004 marked the 200th anniversary of the Haitian revolution, 2004 also marked the 100th anniversary of the Maji Maji war against the Germans in Tanganyika.而2004年，標誌著200週年，海地革命， 2004年也標誌著誕辰100週年的。 Maji 。 Maji戰爭對德國在坦噶尼喀湖。 The Maji Maji war was inspired by an East African version of voodoo.該。 Maji 。 Maji戰爭的靈感一東非版本的巫術。

The warrior’s immersion into water was supposed to provide a magical shield against German bullets.勇士的浸泡成水是要提供一個神奇的擋箭牌，對德國子彈。 Those beliefs were successful in mobilising the masses with next to no training or organization.這些信念是成功的在動員群眾，與旁邊沒有培訓或組織。 In reality the African warriors’ baptism was no match for German bullets.在現實中的非洲勇士'的洗禮，沒有匹配的德國子彈。

The Maji Maji war lasted from 1904 to 1906, a much shorter period than the Haitian wars.該。 Maji 。 Maji戰爭持續了從1904年至1906年，更短的時間比在海地的戰爭。 The Maji Maji war was brutally suppressed by the Germans.該。 Maji 。 Maji戰爭是殘酷的鎮壓德國。 In the short run, the Haitian revolution had a happier outcome.在短期來說，海地革命有一個幸福的結果。

In addition to marking both 200th anniversary of the Haitian revolution and the 100th anniversary of the Maji Maji war, the year 2004 also marked approximately the 50th anniversary of the Mau Mau war against the British in Kenya.此外，標識均200週年，海地革命和誕辰100週年的。 Maji 。 Maji戰爭， 2004年也標誌著大約五十週年的茂茂戰爭對英國在肯尼亞。

The Mau Mau, like Maji Maji, also invoked a version of East African voodoo.該茂茂，像。 Maji 。 Maji ，還引用一版本的東部非洲巫術。 But Mau Mau, unlike Maji Maji, did not emphasise the protective qualities of baptism by water.但茂茂，不像。 Maji 。 Maji ，不強調保護素質的洗禮水。 It invoked ritual use of menstrual blood and worked out elaborate oaths of allegiance for warriors stripped naked for the ceremonies.它援引儀式使用的月經血，以及制定了詳細宣誓效忠，為勇士扒光衣服為典禮。 The warriors fought bravely in spite of the military odds.勇士奮戰在，儘管軍事賠率。

Unlike Maji Maji, the Mau Mau did defeat the British politically though not militarily.不同的。 Maji 。 Maji ，茂茂沒有打敗英國在政治上雖然沒有在軍事上。 The Mau Mau warriors fought from 1952 to about 1960.該茂茂勇士打從1952年至約1960年。 They convinced the British that it was time to pull out of Kenya as an imperial power.他們深信，英國，這是時間，退出肯尼亞作為一個皇權。 The British colonial exit occurred in 1963.英國的殖民地退出發生在1963年。

Some Blacks reformers believe that those companies that benefited from Apartheid should pay a price for it. 一些黑人的改革者認為，這些公司受益於種族隔離應該付出代價。 They are on course. 他們是對的過程中。

About The Author(s): 關於作者（ ） ： Prof. Ali Mazrui 教授阿里mazrui is Chancellor of是校長的 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture 喬莫肯雅塔農業大學 , Kenya. ，肯尼亞。 | More Articles By Ali Mazrui 更多文章由阿里mazrui |

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